Figure 5.

Country-level effects and total contextual effects (combining country- and survey-levels) from a multilevel logistic regression model predicting non-numeric response.

Source: As for Figure 1.

Notes: The dots represent the country-level effects, estimated using posterior means of the random intercepts for each country. Positive values (e.g., Cameroon, Indonesia) indicate that a country has higher levels of non-numeric IFS than would be predicted given observed values for all individual- and survey-level variables. Values that are significantly different from 0 at a 95% level of confidence are displayed with filled circles, while values that are not statistically significant are displayed with open circles.

The printed years represent the combined country- and survey-level effects, or the posterior intercepts for levels 2 and 3. They represent the total group-level variation included in the model. When compared to country-level effects, these values show the additional variation captured at the survey level. The labels are centered around the data points, so the precise estimate is between the 2^nd and 3^rd digits of each year. Values that are significantly different from 0 at a 95% level of confidence are printed in bold italic.