Table 2.
Prevalence of sarcopenia based on characteristics by age groups (n = 17,968)
| Characteristic | Category | 20–39 y (n = 5,802) | 40–64 y (n = 8,265) | Over 65 y (n = 3,901) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| n (%) | W % | χ2* (p) | n (%) | W % | χ2* (p) | n (%) | W % | χ2* (p) | ||
| Sex | Female | 565 (43.9) | 17.7 | 7.42 (0.020) | 1,441 (52.2) | 30.8 | 10.94 (0.006) | 920 (59.1) | 41.8 | 0.45 (0.566) |
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| Male | 515 (56.1) | 20.5 | 1,043 (47.8) | 27.5 | 699 (40.9) | 42.9 | ||||
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| Family structure | With family members | 1,038 (95.1) | 19.2 | 0.15 (0.747) | 2,354 (95.7) | 28.9 | 5.60 (0.039) | 1,340 (84.3) | 42.4 | 0.13 (0.746) |
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| Single | 41 (4.9) | 18.3 | 127 (4.3) | 35.3 | 275 (15.7) | 41.6 | ||||
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| Residential area | Rural | 118 (10.2) | 16.2 | 4.39 (0.128) | 568 (21.5) | 28.5 | 0.46 (0.717) | 529 (29.5) | 34.5 | 54.72 (< 0.001) |
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| City | 962 (89.8) | 19.6 | 1,916 (78.5) | 29.3 | 1,090 (70.5) | 46.7 | ||||
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| SES level | High | 667 (59.1) | 18.0 | 13.96 (0.012) | 945 (39.6) | 26.5 | 31.09 (< 0.001) | 125 (6.6) | 45.0 | 7.15 (0.126) |
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| Medium | 372 (37.9) | 20.7 | 843 (36.3) | 29.5 | 427 (28.2) | 45.5 | ||||
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| Low | 26 (3.1) | 29.5 | 651 (24.0) | 34.0 | 1,008 (65.2) | 40.8 | ||||
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| Current smoking | No | 729 (63.5) | 18.2 | 7.07 (0.029) | 1,974 (76.6) | 30.1 | 9.26 (0.015) | 1,420 (89.3) | 44.4 | 36.88 (< 0.001) |
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| Yes | 347 (36.5) | 21.1 | 495 (23.4) | 26.6 | 172 (10.7) | 30.7 | ||||
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| Drinking (time) | < 1/mo | 361 (30.7) | 18.5 | 8.81 (0.031) | 1,154 (43.9) | 31.5 | 16.75 (0.002) | 1,089 (69.7) | 44.1 | 15.85 (0.006) |
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| 1–4/mo | 457 (43.6) | 18.1 | 726 (29.4) | 26.8 | 246 (14.7) | 42.1 | ||||
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| ≥ 2/week | 249 (25.6) | 21.9 | 580 (26.6) | 28.3 | 252 (15.6) | 35.8 | ||||
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| Physical activity | High | 251 (24.8) | 16.5 | 15.87 (0.006) | 641 (26.1) | 24.0 | 53.20 (< 0.001) | 265 (15.4) | 31.6 | 49.73 (< 0.001) |
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| Medium | 369 (34.3) | 18.9 | 808 (32.3) | 30.4 | 582 (36.3) | 43.6 | ||||
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| Low | 456 (40.9) | 21.6 | 1,020 (41.6) | 32.6 | 745 (48.4) | 46.4 | ||||
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| Metabolic syndrome | ||||||||||
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| Blood pressure | Low | 813 (73.3) | 16.8 | 105.13 (<0.001) | 1,123 (45.3) | 23.5 | 161.52 (< 0.001) | 340 (20.1) | 30.9 | 79.69 (< 0.001) |
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| High | 267 (26.7) | 31.1 | 1,361 (54.7) | 36.3 | 1,279 (79.9) | 46.7 | ||||
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| Waist circumference | Not AO | 589 (54.1) | 13.0 | 568.38 (< 0.001) | 967 (40.2) | 18.8 | 689.44 (< 0.001) | 520 (29.7) | 25.4 | 446.20 (< 0.001) |
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| AO | 486 (45.9) | 43.8 | 1,507 (59.8) | 45.9 | 1,095 (70.3) | 58.9 | ||||
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| Fasting glucose | Low | 884 (84.0) | 18.1 | 39.02 (< 0.001) | 1,432 (58.5) | 25.3 | 103.69 (< 0.001) | 676 (44.7) | 35.5 | 74.84 (< 0.001) |
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| High | 174 (16.0) | 28.6 | 980 (41.5) | 36.2 | 803 (55.3) | 49.8 | ||||
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| Triglyceride | Low | 716 (65.3) | 15.8 | 162.86 (< 0.001) | 1,319 (53.1) | 24.3 | 142.91 (< 0.001) | 740 (49.9) | 36.0 | 72.49 (< 0.001) |
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| High | 343 (34.7) | 32.2 | 1,098 (46.9) | 36.8 | 731 (50.1) | 50.2 | ||||
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| HDL cholesterol | High | 761 (73.2) | 17.8 | 25.09 (< 0.001) | 1,418 (60.8) | 25.8 | 83.37 (< 0.001) | 695 (48.0) | 38.1 | 24.67 (< 0.001) |
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| Low | 298 (26.8) | 24.2 | 999 (39.2) | 35.6 | 776 (52.0) | 46.3 | ||||
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| Osteoarthritis | No | 1,053 (97.8) | 19.0 | 0.70 (0.476) | 2,047 (84.7) | 28.2 | 29.84 (< 0.001) | 954 (59.5) | 38.9 | 34.44 (< 0.001) |
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| Yes | 22 (2.2) | 22.2 | 427 (15.3) | 36.5 | 647 (40.5) | 48.6 | ||||
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| Fall experience | No | 1,067 (98.8) | 19.2 | 0.03 (0.871) | 2,443 (98.5) | 29.1 | 0.06 (0.833) | 1,553 (96.5) | 41.8 | 12.68 (0.002) |
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| Yes | 13 (1.2) | 20.0 | 41 (1.5) | 30.1 | 66 (3.5) | 59.8 | ||||
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| Depression | No | 949 (87.7) | 19.0 | 0.75 (0.416) | 2,067 (83.9) | 28.4 | 14.51 (0.001) | 1,344 (84.1) | 43.3 | 6.93 (0.029) |
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| Yes | 127 (12.3) | 20.4 | 404 (16.1) | 34.0 | 248 (15.9) | 37.8 | ||||
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| Stress | Less | 664 (60.2) | 17.5 | 20.42 (< 0.001) | 1,775 (71.6) | 28.5 | 5.59 (0.051) | 1,261 (78.9) | 43.4 | 5.27 (0.065) |
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| Many | 412 (39.8) | 22.4 | 697 (28.4) | 31.2 | 331 (21.1) | 39.0 | ||||
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| Suicidal ideation | No | 922 (85.8) | 18.9 | 1.43 (0.313) | 2,029 (81.8) | 27.9 | 35.99 (< 0.001) | 1,234 (76.5) | 43.6 | 7.51 (0.038) |
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| Yes | 154 (14.2) | 20.7 | 440 (18.2) | 36.5 | 357 (23.5) | 38.6 | ||||
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| Perceived health status | Good | 399 (38.2) | 16.5 | 25.82 (< 0.001) | 826 (32.4) | 24.8 | 70.25 (< 0.001) | 476 (31.4) | 40.6 | 6.80 (0.098) |
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| Fair | 511 (45.7) | 20.4 | 1,009 (43.0) | 29.8 | 467 (28.6) | 40.8 | ||||
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| Poor | 165 (16.2) | 24.1 | 636 (24.6) | 36.4 | 651 (39.9) | 45.0 | ||||
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| Quality of life | ||||||||||
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| Mobility problem | No | 1,031 (95.5) | 18.8 | 18.74 (0.001) | 2,058 (84.7) | 27.7 | 69.48 (< 0.001) | 804 (49.3) | 38.9 | 21.15 (< 0.001) |
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| Yes | 44 (4.5) | 32.8 | 413 (15.3) | 41.2 | 788 (50.7) | 46.2 | ||||
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| Self-care problem | No | 1,068 (99.3) | 19.1 | 1.55 (0.281) | 2,393 (97.1) | 29.0 | 8.52 (0.012) | 1,348 (84.4) | 41.4 | 8.48 (0.021) |
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| Yes | 7 (0.7) | 28.8 | 78 (2.9) | 39.0 | 244 (15.6) | 48.1 | ||||
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| Usual activity problem | No | 1,051 (97.5) | 19.0 | 6.36 (0.038) | 2,228 (91.2) | 28.4 | 35.61 (< 0.001) | 1,062 (66.5) | 40.4 | 12.56 (0.006) |
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| Yes | 24 (2.5) | 29.1 | 242 (8.8) | 40.8 | 530 (33.5) | 46.6 | ||||
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| Pain/discomfort | No | 909 (84.0) | 18.4 | 13.12 (0.003) | 1,858 (77.3) | 28.6 | 4.80 (0.060) | 857 (54.0) | 40.6 | 6.04 (0.035) |
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| Yes | 166 (16.0) | 24.0 | 612 (22.7) | 31.3 | 735 (46.0) | 44.5 | ||||
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| Anxiety/depression | No | 987 (91.8) | 19.0 | 0.29 (0.646) | 2,145 (87.8) | 28.5 | 16.22 (0.001) | 1,340 (84.5) | 42.4 | 0.11 (0.759) |
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| Yes | 88 (8.2) | 20.1 | 325 (12.2) | 35.2 | 252 (15.5) | 41.7 | ||||
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| Total energy (kcal/day) | ≥ 3,000 | 102 (12.4) | 14.9 | 22.38 (0.005) | 184 (9.9) | 24.8 | 24.6 (0.002) | 34 (2.1) | 30.4 | 14.10 (0.025) |
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| 2,000–3,000 | 263 (29.1) | 17.1 | 631 (29.4) | 27.7 | 263 (16.8) | 38.3 | ||||
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| 1,000–2,000 | 445 (47.9) | 20.3 | 1,204 (52.7) | 30.7 | 1,010 (64.2) | 43.7 | ||||
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| < 1,000 | 93 (10.6) | 24.4 | 190 (8.0) | 35.7 | 220 (16.9) | 45.1 | ||||
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| Protein (g/kg/day) | ≥ 1.2 | 300 (32.5) | 14.3 | 63.70 (< 0.001) | 656 (31.4) | 25.2 | 54.07 (< 0.001) | 229 (13.9) | 31.2 | 60.60 (< 0.001) |
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| 0.8–1.2 | 286 (31.5) | 19.5 | 756 (34.4) | 29.1 | 456 (29.1) | 40.6 | ||||
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| < 0.8 | 317 (36.0) | 25.1 | 797 (34.2) | 35.0 | 842 (57.0) | 48.0 | ||||
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| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | ≥ 20 | 252 (21.5) | 15.6 | 17.42 (< 0.001) | 874 (35.7) | 25.6 | 28.42 (< 0.001) | 568 (38.0) | 34.3 | 71.81 (< 0.001) |
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| < 20 | 807 (78.5) | 20.5 | 1,536 (64.3) | 31.1 | 885 (62.0) | 48.3 | ||||
n, unweighted sample size; W %, weighted percent; SES, socioeconomic status; AO, abdominal obesity; HDL, high density lipoprotein.
The discrepancy between number and total number is due to missing value;
*
Rao-Scott χ2-test.