Table 3.
Factors affecting sarcopenia by age groups (n = 17,968)
| Characteristic | Category (ref.) | 20–39 y (n = 5,802) | 40–64 y (n = 8,265) | Over 65 y (n = 3,901) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male (Female) | 1.100 (0.824–1.467) | 1.329* (1.112–1.590) | 3.293** (2.551–4.251) |
| Family structure | Single (With family members) | 1.147 (0.789–1.666) | 1.222 (0.872–1.712) | 1.004 (0.775–1.301) |
| Residential area | City (Rural) | 1.362 (0.962–1.928) | 1.109 (0.880–1.396) | 1.442* (1.094–1.901) |
| SES level | Medium (High) | 1.148 (0.943–1.399) | 1.056 (0.906–1.231) | 1.000 (0.665–1.505) |
| Low (High) | 1.304 (0.676–2.513) | 1.002 (0.824–1.219) | 0.837 (0.552–1.268) | |
| Current smoking | Yes (No) | 1.138 (0.878–1.475) | 0.848 (0.707–1.016) | 0.613* (0.453–0.831) |
| Drinking (time) | 1–4/mo (< 1/mo) | 0.983 (0.792–1.218) | 0.875 (0.749–1.021) | 0.749* (0.577–0.973) |
| ≥ 2/wk | 0.937 (0.724–1.212) | 0.946 (0.791–1.132) | 0.811 (0.612–1.075) | |
| Physical activity | Medium (High) | 1.275 (0.997–1.630) | 1.251* (1.052–1.488) | 1.364* (1.039–1.792) |
| Low (High) | 1.338* (1.060–1.689) | 1.327* (1.118–1.576) | 1.440* (1.076–1.926) | |
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||
| Blood pressure | High (Low) | 1.738** (1.335–2.263) | 1.476** (1.291–1.688) | 1.549** (1.249–1.921) |
| Waist circumference | AO (Not AO) | 4.236** (3.398–5.281) | 3.186** (2.731–3.716) | 4.705** (3.753–5.898) |
| Fasting glucose | High (Low) | 1.092 (0.806–1.480) | 1.174* (1.010–1.364) | 1.234* (1.010–1.508) |
| Triglyceride | High (Low) | 1.683** (1.322–2.144) | 1.329** (1.138–1.550) | 1.375* (1.108–1.704) |
| HDL cholesterol | Low (High) | 0.819 (0.657–1.022) | 1.046 (0.896–1.221) | 0.929 (0.754–1.145) |
| Osteoarthritis | Yes (No) | 0.933 (0.495–1.757) | 1.046 (0.864–1.266) | 1.323* (1.066–1.642) |
| Fall experience | Yes (No) | 1.039 (0.511–2.115) | 0.871 (0.511–1.485) | 2.048* (1.118–3.748) |
| Depression | Yes (No) | 1.013 (0.740–1.387) | 0.959 (0.779–1.180) | 1.262 (0.955–1.669) |
| Stress | Many (Less) | 1.202 (0.983–1.469) | 0.977 (0.832–1.148) | 0.952 (0.732–1.238) |
| Suicidal ideation | Yes (No) | 1.015 (0.744–1.385) | 1.362* (1.125–1.650) | 0.785 (0.591–1.043) |
| Perceived health status | Fair (Good) | 1.043 (0.853–1.275) | 1.154 (0.988–1.349) | 0.954 (0.754–1.207) |
| Poor (Good) | 1.073 (0.819–1.405) | 1.258* (1.036–1.527) | 1.175 (0.911–1.515) | |
| Quality of life | ||||
| Mobility problem | Yes (No) | 1.373 (0.779–2.418) | 1.288* (1.020–1.627) | 1.053 (0.815–1.361) |
| Self-care problem | Yes (No) | 1.284 (0.373–4.428) | 0.774 (0.497–1.206) | 1.282 (0.904–1.819) |
| Usual activity problem | Yes (No) | 0.891 (0.395–2.006) | 1.345 (0.996–1.817) | 1.330* (1.005–1.759) |
| Pain/discomfort | Yes (No) | 1.183 (0.901–1.555) | 0.782* (0.646–0.948) | 0.875 (0.685–1.118) |
| Anxiety/depression | Yes (No) | 1.016 (0.710–1.453) | 0.944 (0.749–1.190) | 1.028 (0.776–1.363) |
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 2,000–3,000 (≥ 3,000) | 1.303 (0.909–1.869) | 1.297* (1.002–1.679) | 1.050 (0.561–1.966) |
| 1,000–2,000 (≥ 3,000) | 1.761* (1.101–2.819) | 1.462* (1.095–1.953) | 1.255 (0.666–2.366) | |
| < 1,000 (≥ 3,000) | 2.153* (1.141–4.065) | 1.629* (1.079–2.460) | 1.310 (0.630–2.722) | |
| Protein (g/day) | 0.8–1.2 (≥ 1.2) | 1.047 (0.796–1.377) | 0.891 (0.738–1.077) | 1.371 (0.995–1.888) |
| < 0.8 (≥ 1.2) | 1.059 (0.744–1.505) | 0.920 (0.735–1.153) | 1.445* (1.026–2.033) | |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | < 20 (≥ 20) | 1.290* (1.034–1.609) | 1.381** (1.182–1.615) | 1.677** (1.375–2.044) |
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
n, unweighted sample size; SES, socioeconomic status; AO, abdominal obesity; HDL, high density lipoprotein.
All data were weighted to the residential population of Korea.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01.