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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 25.
Published in final edited form as: Science. 2016 Jul 8;353(6295):158–162. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf4292

Fig. 1. Bioinspired concept design of the tissue-engineered ray.

Fig. 1

(A) A live Little skate, Leucoraja. erinacea, swimming and (B) its musculoskeletal structure. (C to E) Tissue-engineered ray with four layers of body architecture (C), concept (D), and phototactic control (E). Upon optical stimulation, the tissue-engineered ray induces sequential muscle activation via serpentine patterned muscle tissues, generates undulatory locomotion, and sustains steady forward swimming. It changes directions by generating asymmetric undulating motion between left and right fins, modulated by light pulse frequency.