Table 1. Key themes, examples, coping strategies, and effects on food insecurity.

Theme	Examples	Coping Strategies	Precipitates or exacerbates food insecurity through:
Enacted and felt stigma in formal and informal economic sectors	Illegal testing for HIV (especially in the hotel industry and free trade zones), labor market discrimination	▪Do not disclose HIV-positive status to employers or social network ▪Avoid applying for jobs ▪Quit job	▪On-going emotional distress, fear, and worry ▪Job loss; inability to acquire a job ▪Economic instability
	Community gossip leading to job loss in the informal sector
Stigma in home and community settings	Gossip and verbal abuse	▪Refuse food assistance from neighbors ▪Move away from family and community ▪Do not disclose HIV status to close family or friends ▪Delay or avoid healthcare treatment to avoid breaches in confidentiality or seeing/being seen by neighbors	▪Lack of food for self and family ▪Loss of support networks ▪On-going emotional distress, fear, and worry ▪Worse physical and mental health due to delays in receiving healthcare services
Intimate relationships and domestic violence	Abandonment	▪Leave or lose partner; become a primary caregiver ▪Endure abuse or emotionally unhealthy relationships to retain food and economic support ▪Self-isolate and refuse to find a new partner	▪Loss of financial and emotional support ▪Physical and psychological harm ▪Internalized stigma
	Partner violence and abuse
Theme	Examples	Coping Strategies	Addresses food insecurity through:
Social and economic support	Food provided by friends and family	▪Receive supplementary food from family and friends ▪Receive social support from existing social networks ▪Develop new social networks that provide information and encouragement	▪Improved food access for self and children ▪Improved psychological and emotional wellbeing
	HIV support groups–psychosocial support