Table 6. Leadership and management score before and after ZMLA training.
| N | Before | After | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Provide constructive feedback on a regular basis, in a way that helps those I supervise improve their performance. | 156 | 7.85 (SD: 1.71): | 8.92 (SD: 1.32) |
| 2. Use non-monetary strategies (such as praise, public recognition, and reminding staff of the importance/value of their work) to motivate those I supervise. | 155 | 7.81(SD: 1.81) | 8.98(SD: 1.31) |
| 3. Identify staff development needs and work with them to plan appropriate trainings, mentoring opportunities, or other ways of addressing the needs. | 144 | 6.85 (SD: 2.03) | 8.41 (SD: 1.47) |
| 4. Chair productive and efficient meetings that begin and end as scheduled. | 148 | 7.89 (SD: 1.73) | 9.01 (SD: 1.23) |
| 5. Identify the most important “root” or underlying causes of specific challenges within my unit/department that affect the healthcare system (such as high maternal mortality, or ART non-adherence). | 135 | 7.41 (SD: 1.92) | 8.94 (SD: 1.13) |
| 6. Prioritize among possible solutions/interventions to address healthcare challenges, to identify and implement those that will have the highest impact with fewer resources. | 147 | 7.18 (SD: 1.85) | 8.65 (SD: 1.42) |
| 7. Engage and maintain effective communication with internal and external stakeholders (including other departments or levels within the MOH, community members/organizations, NGOs, and other ministries) when planning and implementing strategies to address | 146 | 7.10 (SD: 1.78) | 8.51(SD: 1.30) |
| 8. Develop detailed workplans that specify timelines, milestones, and roles/responsibilities of specific people, to address specific challenges or achieve certain goals (such as increasing use of family planning services, improving access to EMoC, | 150 | 7.02 (SD: 1.98) | 8.73 (SD: 1.25) |
| 9. Regularly check in on progress, and hold members of my organization/unit accountable for following through on objectives and activities from our workplan or Action Plan. | 154 | 7.15(SD: 1.86) | 8.82(SD: 1.32) |
| 10. Ensure that projects I oversee are carried out within the allotted budget, time and resources. | 152 | 7.88(SD: 1.68) | 8.93(SD: 1.18) |
| 11. Promote teamwork and collaboration among staff and different units in my organization. | 156 | 8.19 (SD: 1.55) | 9.16 (SD: 1.08) |
| 12. Communicate well with staff, to ensure that they understand the overall picture (strategic vision) of our unit and1 are informed about any changes that may be introduced to our organization. | 155 | 7.942 (SD: 1.75) | 9.14 (SD: 1.05) |
| 13. Follow up to facilitate prompt resolution of staff HR issues, such as promotion and training. | 107 | 7.22 (SD: 1.97) | 8.54 (SD: 1.30) |
| 14. Ensure that staff reporting to me have up-to-date job descriptions, with which they are familiar, and understand reporting lines within our unit/department. | 131 | 7.40 (SD: 1.96) | 9.01(SD: 1.960) |
| 15. Take appropriate corrective action to address staff performance problems as soon as I am aware of them. | 136 | 7.574(SD: 1.64) | 8.94 (SD: 1.21) |
| 16. Identify and apply cost-effective approaches to maximize use of the organization’s resources. | 155 | 7.81(SD: 1.69) | 8.95 (SD: 1.24) |
| 17. Create realistic programme or project budgets based on historical data, current cost information, and other relevant information sources. | 147 | 7.51 (SD: 1.94) | 8.70 (SD: 1.35) |
| 18. Effectively interpret and use the data available to me (such as from HMIS, performance assessment reports, and other sources) to guide planning, decision-making, and quality improvement. | 155 | 7.61(SD: 1.93) | 8.95 (SD1.31) |
| 19. Create reports, charts and graphs which succinctly and effectively communicate relevant data to stakeholders. | 147 | 7.25(SD: 2.15) | 8.82 (SD: 1.28) |
| 20. Analyze the delivery model for health services to identify the major gaps and bottlenecks affecting the quality of care and health outcomes. | 144 | 6.55 (SD: 2.12) | 8.42 (SD: 1.39) |
| 21. Identify and implement necessary changes in delivery models for health services to address or correct gaps and bottlenecks affecting quality of care and health outcomes. | 137 | 6.55(SD: 8.28) | 8.28 (SD: 1.48) |
| 22. Use lead times, inventories, and other supply logistics information to ensure that stock levels of critical supplies remain adequate at all times. | 129 | 6.77 (SD: 1.91) | 8.43 (SD: 1.46) |
| Total mean leadership and management scores | 7.39 | 8.37 | |
| Percentage change before and after ZMLA training | 11% |
Note: P<0.05, before and After for all the 22 items and overall score