Table 1.
Characteristics of the cohort at DPP baseline* and during follow-up#
| DPP Baseline* | Characteristics During Follow-up† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEN | All | Placebo | Metformin | Lifestyle |
| N | 643 | 215 | 215 | 213 |
| Age at baseline and scan (y) | 53.4 ± 10.0 | 66.4 (65.1, 67.7) | 66.7 (65.5, 68.0) | 68.2 (66.7, 69.6) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.6 ± 5.3 | 31.9 (31.1, 32.7) | 30.8 (30.1, 31.4)‡ | 30.2 (29.5, 31.0)‡ |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.92 ± 0.49 | 6.10 (6.01, 6.19) | 5.88 (5.79, 5.96)‡ | 5.87(5.78, 5.95)‡ |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 125 ± 14 | 123 (122, 124) | 123 (122, 124) | 120 (119, 121)‡║ |
| Non-HDL-C (mg/dl) | 163 ± 34 | 139 (136, 143) | 135 (132, 138) | 138 (134, 141) |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 40 ± 9 | 43 (41, 44) | 44 (43, 46) | 44 (43, 45) |
| Median CRP (g/l) | 1.8 [0.9, 3.5] | 1.9 [1.2, 3.7] | 1.7 [2.1, 2.9] | 1.6 [2.2, 2.9]‡ |
| Median Urine Alb/Cr | 4.7 [3.3, 8.5] | 6.4 [4.4, 11.0] | 5.9 [4.0, 11.6] | 6.4 [4.8, 12.6] |
| eGFR | 94 ± 15 | 88 (86, 90) | 87 (85, 89) | 88 (86, 90) |
| tPA | 12.5 ± 4.7 | 11.8 (11.3, 12.4) | 10.4 (9.8, 11.0)‡ | 9.3 (8.8, 9.7)‡║ |
| Statin use | 5.9% | 63% | 58% | 55% |
| Median statin use duration (y) | n/a | 3 [0, 8] | 3 [0, 8] | 2 [0, 6] |
| Antihypertensive use | 19% | 73% | 70% | 62% |
| % Ever smoked | 50% | 54% | 51% | 51% |
| % Current smoker | 6.2% | 5.8% | 1.9% | 1.9% |
| Total metformin use (y) | n/a | 1.9 (1.5, 2.3) | 9.5 (8.8, 10.1)‡ | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3)║ |
| Incident diabetes | n/a | 61% | 53% | 50%‡ |
| Diabetes duration (y) § | n/a | 5.8 | 4.3 | 3.7‡║ |
| Median diabetes duration (y) | n/a | 4.6 [0, 11] | 1.5 [0, 10] | 0.1 [0, 8] |
| WOMEN | ||||
| N | 1418 | 486 | 464 | 468 |
| Age at baseline and scan (y) | 49.1 ± 9.3 | 62.3 (61.5, 63.1) | 63.4 (62.6, 64) | 62.7 (61.8, 63.6) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.5 ± 6.5 | 34.7 (34.1, 35.3) | 33.7 (33.1, 34.3)‡ | 33.3 (32.7, 33.9)‡ |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.92 ± 0.49 | 6.02 (5.96, 6.08) | 5.95 (5.9, 6.0) | 5.95 (5.9, 6.0) |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 122 ± 15 | 121 (120, 122) | 121 (120, 122) | 120 (119, 121) |
| Non-HDL-C (mg/dl) | 156 ± 36 | 142 (139, 144) | 141 (138, 143) | 140 (137, 142) |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 49 ± 12 | 51 (50, 52) | 53 (52, 54)‡ | 53 (52, 54)‡ |
| Median CRP (g/l) | 5.0 [2.5, 9.1] | 5.1 [2.4, 8.4] | 3.8 [2.0, 7.5]‡ | 4.2 [1.9, 6.9]‡ |
| Median Urine Alb/Cr | 5.8 [4.0, 9.8] | 7.3 [5.4, 11.5] | 7.5 [5.4, 11.2] | 7.6 [5.3, 12.8] |
| eGFR | 100 ± 16 | 93 (92, 94) | 92 (91, 94) | 93 (91, 94) |
| tPA | 10.7 ± 3.9 | 10.2 (9.8, 10.5) | 8.5 (8.1, 8.8)‡ | 8.6 (8.3, 8.9)‡ |
| Statin use | 3.8% | 52% | 54% | 49% |
| Median statin use duration (y) | n/a | 1 [0, 6] | 1 [0, 5] | 0 [0, 5] |
| Antihypertensive use | 14% | 67% | 68% | 64% |
| %Ever smoked | 34% | 37% | 31% | 35% |
| %Current smoker | 5.8% | 5.1% | 3.1% | 4.0% |
| Total metformin use (y) | n/a | 1.7 (1.4, 1.9) | 9.6 (9.2, 10.0)‡ | 1.4(1.2, 1.7)║ |
| Incident diabetes | n/a | 58% | 54% | 51%‡ |
| Diabetes duration (y) § | n/a | 5.1 (4.6, 5.6) | 4.6 (4.2, 5.1) | 3.8 (3.4, 4.2)‡║ |
| Median diabetes duration (y) | n/a | 3.7 [0, 10.5] | 1.7 [0, 10.1] | 0.5 [0, 8]‡║ |
Characteristics at baseline are expressed as mean ± SD or % as appropriate. No difference detected among treatment groups at baseline except for HDL-C in women (PLA = 47.5, MET=49.1, ILS=49.1) and smoking in women (PLA=8.0%, MET=4.7%, ILS=4.5%)
Characteristics during follow-up based on all annual visits prior to CAC measurement are expressed as mean (95% CI), or median [IQR] over follow-up for continuous variables (as appropriate), and any report of medication over follow-up except for tPA and CRP which reflect data collected from DPP Year 1 and DPPOS Years 1 and 5. Ever smoked includes self-reported prior smoking of 100 cigarettes at baseline and during year of CAC measurement. Current smoker reflects baseline and at CAC measurement.
p<0.05 vs. placebo;
p<0.05 vs. metformin. Significant effects emboldened.
Diabetes duration calculated as years since diabetes diagnosis for participants with diabetes. Otherwise duration is set at 0.