Table 2.
Dietary intake and risk of daytime non-severe hypoglycemia*
| Nutrients | Model 1 Unadjusted |
Model 2 Partially adjusted |
Model 3 Fully adjusted |
Model 4 Adding insulin delivery method |
Model 5 Further adding insulin dose/kg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrate | |||||
| Total carbohydrate, per 10 grams | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 1.03 (0.86–1.22) | 1.03 (0.86–1.22) | 0.93 (0.75–1.17) |
| Total fiber, per 5 grams | 1.07 (0.74–1.53) | 1.48 (0.87–2.53) | 1.71 (0.86–3.40) | 1.73 (0.87–3.47) | 1.26 (0.54–2.90) |
| Soluble fiber. per 5 grams | 1.68 (0.53–5.33) | 8.44 (1.34–53.28) | 7.86 (0.98–63.19) | 8.07 (0.98–66.51) | 5.02 (0.29–87.96) |
| Insoluble fiber, per 5 grams | 1.03 (0.62–1.69) | 1.37 (0.69–2.71) | 1.74 (0.68–4.47) | 1.76 (0.68–4.57) | 1.09 (0.36–3.29) |
| Glycemic index, per 5 units | 0.44 (0.24–0.79) | 0.40 (0.21–0.76) | 0.32 (0.14–0.73) | 0.32 (0.14–0.74) | 0.35 (0.12–1.04) |
| Glycemic load, per 10 units | 0.52 (0.22–1.23) | 0.69 (0.08–6.19) | 0.23 (0.02–3.49) | 0.24 (0.02–3.53) | 0.04 (<0.001–2.50) |
| Protein | |||||
| Total protein, per 10 grams | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 1.23 (0.91–1.65) | 1.47 (1.00–2.17) | 1.47 (1.00–2.17) | 1.34 (0.85–2.12) |
| Animal protein, per 10 grams | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 1.11 (0.84–1.47) | 1.27 (0.91–1.79) | 1.28 (0.91–1.80) | 1.26 (0.83–1.92) |
| Plant protein, per 10 grams | 0.96 (0.61–1.49) | 1.65 (0.78–3.49) | 1.86 (0.78–4.42) | 1.87 (0.79–4.47) | 1.35 (0.40–4.51) |
| Fat | |||||
| Total fat, per 5 grams | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.81 (0.66–0.99) | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 1.00 (0.76–1.30) |
| SFA, per 5 grams | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 1.05 (0.76–1.46) | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) | 1.20 (0.80–1.81) | 1.79 (0.92, 3.48) |
| MUFA, per 5 grams | 0.80 (0.67–0.97) | 0.54 (0.33–0.88) | 0.55 (0.30–1.00) | 0.55 (0.30–1.00) | 0.93 (0.47–1.83) |
| PUFA, per 5 grams | 0.68 (0.51–0.92) | 0.55 (0.34–0.90) | 0.47 (0.24–0.90) | 0.47 (0.24–0.90) | 0.55 (0.27–1.11) |
| MUFA/SFA ratio, per 1 unit | 0.16 (0.03–0.94) | 0.17 (0.03–1.04) | 0.07 (0.01–0.83) | 0.07 (0.006, 0.83) | 0.16 (0.008–3.29) |
| PUFA/SFA ratio, per 1 unit | 0.41 (0.13–1.26) | 0.39 (0.13–1.20) | 0.19 (0.05–0.78) | 0.19 (0.05–0.78) | 0.15 (0.03, 0.86) |
Abbreviation. MUFA, monounsaturated fat; PUFA, polyunsaturated fat; SFA, saturated fat.
*
Values were odds ratios (95% CIs). Significant results (P<0.05) were highlighted in bold, but p value for total protein in the fully adjusted model (Model 3) was 0.0503.
Model 1. Unadjusted.
Model 2. Adjusted for continuous glucose monitor wear time, total energy intake per day, and average number of meals per day.
Model 3. Model 2 + diabetes duration, HbA1c, daily electronic media time in hours, and TV time in hours.
Model 4. Model 3 + insulin delivery method (pump versus multiple daily injection).
Model 5. Model 4 + insulin dose per kilogram.