Table 2.

Saliva assisted (SAT) and non-viraemic (NVT) transmission of tick-borne viruses.

Virus	Tick species	Described effect	References
SOFT TICKS (ARGASIDAE)
Asfarviridae
African Swine Fever virus	Ornithodoros porcinus	SAT, host immunomodulation	Bernard et al., 2016
Flaviridae
West Nile virus	Ornithodoros moubata	NVT	Lawrie et al., 2004
HARD TICKS (IXODIDAE)
Orthomyxoviridae
Thogoto virus	Rhipicephalus appendiculatus	SAT	Jones et al., 1989
		NVT	Jones et al., 1987
	Amblyomma variegatum	NVT	Jones et al., 1990a
	Rhipicephalus evertsi	NVT	Jones et al., 1992a
	Amblyomma hebraeum
	Amblyomma cajannense
	Hyalomma dromedarii
	Hyalomma marginatum rufipes
	Amblyomma variegatum
	Boophilus microplus
Flaviviridae
TBEV	Ixodes persulcatus	NVT	Alekseev and Chunikhin, 1990b
	Ixodes ricinus	SAT	Alekseev et al., 1991
			Labuda et al., 1993c
		NVT	Labuda et al., 1993a,b
		SAT, host immunomodulation	Fialová et al., 2010
	Ixodes scapularis	SAT, host immunomodulation	Lieskovská et al., 2015
	Dermacentor reticulatus	SAT	Labuda et al., 1993c
	Dermacentor marginatus		Labuda et al., 1993a,c
	Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Louping ill virus	Ixodes ricinus	NVT	Jones et al., 1997
Powassan virus	Ixodes scapularis	SAT	Hermance and Thangamani, 2015
Bunyavirales
CCHFV	Hyalomma marginatum	NVT	Gordon et al., 1993
Palma	Rhipicephalus appendiculatus	NVT	Labuda et al., 1997a
	Dermacentor marginatus
Bhanja	Rhipicephalus appendiculatus	NVT	Labuda et al., 1997a
	Dermacentor marginatus
Heartland virus	Amblyomma americanum	NVT	Godsey et al., 2016