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. 2017 Jul 25;7:6454. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06796-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differential cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity on cancer and normal cells by various types of nanodrugs. (a) Blue and red markers correspond to control and drug-treated cells, respectively. A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells were stained with annexin V-Pacific blue. After 24 hrs of treatment with various types of nanodrugs, samples were analyzed by FACS. Encapsulation-DOX, PEG coat-DOX and covalent conjugation-DOX (red) showed significant apoptosis compared to controls (blue) (i.e., untreated cells). (b) MTT results of cancer cells (A549 and MDA-MB-231) by treatment of EGFR conjugated nanodrug. The addition of anti-EGFR conjugation (purple, covalent conjugation-EGFR) maximized the cytotoxicity compared with non-anti-EGFR nanodrugs (blue, covalent conjugation-DOX). (c) MRC-5 cells and NHFB showed statistically negligible differences in apoptosis for the various types of nanodrugs compared to controls (blue) (i.e., untreated cells). (d) MTT results of normal cells (MRC-5 and NHFB) by treatment of EGFR conjugated nanodrug. The addition of anti-EGFR conjugation (purple, covalent conjugation-EGFR) maximized the cytotoxicity compared with non-anti-EGFR nanodrugs (blue, covalent conjugation-DOX). All MTT data represent the mean ± SEM (n = 5).