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. 2017 Jul 25;7:6448. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06623-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differentially expressed genes in response to virus and/or dsRNA treatment in a cellular context. The DEGs of virus-infected and dsRNA-treated honey bees were surveyed for differential expression of genes involved in previously characterized insect immune pathways: RNAi, Toll, JAK/STAT (Janus Kinase and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription), Imd (Immune Deficiency), and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinases)^{29, 56}. This analysis determined that many genes encoding extracellular receptors, proteins involved in endocytosis, signal transduction, and immune responses exhibited increased expression; these DEGs (denoted by bold and green font) are depicted in a cellular context. Many genes exhibited higher fold change in bees treated with both virus and dsRNA as compared to bees infected with virus only (denoted with dsRNA), suggesting their involvement in dsRNA-triggered immune responses. Complete DEG lists are provided in Supplementary Table S6.