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. 2017 Jul 25;7:6373. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06548-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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New bone formations in vivo. (A) Hematoxylin and eosin staining for sections of ectopic implantation. (B) The surgical procedure of implantation in alveolar bone defects of rats was showed in Fig. 4a,b,c,d. Hematoxylin and eosin staining for sections of new bone formation in alveolar bone defect in the down-panel of Fig. 4e,f,g,h. Blank bars: 5 μm. CHA: CHA scaffold materials. NB: new bone formation. Black arrow: blood vessel. Red arrow: macrophage. (C) The evaluation of new alveolar bone by Micro CT and 3D reconstruction. The morphology of new bone formation was revealed by 3D reconstructed images in blank group, CHA group, rDFCs/CHA group and BMP9-rDFCs/CHA group. CHA scaffolds were in red. (D) Percentage of new bone area. (E) BV: new bone volume. (F) BV/TV: new bone ratio of volume of new formation bone and volume of VOI. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared to blank group, ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 compared with CHA group, ⁺⁺P < 0.01, ⁺⁺⁺P < 0.001 compared with rDFCs/CHA group.