Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics among non-smoking Chinese elderly men and women.
| Participants’ characteristics | Men | Women | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 724 | 1810 | |
| Age | 71.7 ± 4.9 | 72.3 ± 5.3 | 0.01 |
| Education above university (%) | 20.2 | 6.5 | 0.001 |
| Married or cohabitation (%) | 90.3 | 54.8 | 0.001 |
| Acrylamide intake (µg/d) | 16.1 ± 7.5 | 13.3 ± 7.8 | 0.01 |
| Medical history (%) | |||
| Diabetes | 15.5 | 14.3 | 0.557 |
| Hypertension | 41.9 | 44.4 | 0.239 |
| Stroke | 5.5 | 3.3 | 0.008 |
| Heart diseases | 9.4 | 9.4 | 0.999 |
| Cancers | 3.3 | 4.6 | 0.136 |
| Dietary factors | |||
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 2125 ± 606 | 1587 ± 464 | 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 292.8 ± 89.7 | 227.1 ± 69.6 | 0.001 |
| Coffee (ml/d) | 21.4 ± 65.6 | 15.4 ± 54.9 | 0.001 |
| Tea (ml/d) | 555 ± 540 | 354 ± 429 | 0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 14.7 ± 64.4 | 1.61 ± 15.4 | 0.001 |
| Fibre (g/d) | 10.3 ± 5.2 | 8.9 ± 4.8 | 0.001 |
| Fish and seafood (% of total energy) | 4.9 ± 3.4 | 5.1 ± 4.1 | 0.50 |
| French fries/potato chips(% of total energy) | 0.30 ± 0.99 | 0.16 ± 0.95 | 0.001 |
| Fruits (% of total energy) | 8.0 ± 5.2 | 9.0 ± 5.5 | 0.06 |
| Red and processed meats (% of total energy) | 7.9 ± 5.4 | 6.3 ± 4.6 | 0.05 |
| Total isoflavones (mg) | 17.1 ± 24.6 | 12.7 ± 13.5 | 0.001 |
| Whole grain (g/day) | 54.5 ± 87.6 | 67.2 ± 83.3 | 0.43 |
| Calcium supplements usage (%) | 10.5 | 18.3 | 0.001 |
| Total AHA scores | 46.0 ± 9.6 | 47.0 ± 9.4 | 0.43 |
| Body weight (kg) | 62.4 ± 9.0 | 54.8 ± 8.4 | 0.01 |
| Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.0 | 24.0 ± 3.4 | 0.001 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP, mmHg) | 142.0 ± 20.1 | 143.6 ± 18.4 | 0.01 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP, mmHg) | 78.6 ± 9.2 | 77.3 ± 9.2 | 0.03 |
| PASE total score | 99.3 ± 51.5 | 85.9 ± 33.3 | 0.001 |
| MMSE at baseline | 27.0 ± 2.9 | 24.3 ± 3.9 | 0.001 |
| MMSE change at 4th year follow-up | −0.47 ± 3.349 | 0.85 ± 3.446 | 0.001 |
| DNA Telomere length | 8.79 ± 1.63 | 14.37 ± 1.87 | 0.001 |
Data were presented as mean ± SD or number (%). Independent t-test and Chi-square test were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. PASE: Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; Total AHA scores were estimated based on the adherence index of American Heart Association on dietary and life style recommendations. MMSE: questionnaire for Mini-Mental State Exam.