Table 1.

Public Health impact of vaccines related to health outcomes

Health-related evaluations of impact of vaccines	Conventional evaluations	Additional ‘broader’ evaluations
Methods	Pre-licensure Individually randomised controlled Phase III trials Post-licensure Total and indirect effectiveness studies Static modelling (assuming constant force of infection)	Pre-licensure Cluster randomised controlled trials Dynamic models Post-licensure Cluster randomised trials Probe studies Pre/post evaluations Observational controlled studies
Measures	Efficacy and effectiveness	Vaccine preventable disease incidence Number needed to vaccinate
Outcomes	Morbidity and mortality at individual level	All-cause mortality Under 5 mortality Non-etiologically confirmed clinical syndromes