TABLE 1.
Characteristics Among 1078 Mother-Child Pairs Participating in Project Viva, Total and According to Category of Intake of SSBs in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy
| Characteristic | Category of Maternal Second-Trimester SSB Intake (Servings/d) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 0 to <0.5 | 0.5 to <1 | 1 to <2 | 2 to <3 | ≥3 | |
| N = 1078 | n = 623 (57.8%) | n = 241 (22.4%) | n = 128 (11.9%) | n = 57 (5.2%) | n = 29 (2.7%) | |
| Mean (SD) | ||||||
| Maternal | ||||||
| Age at enrollment, y | 32.1 (5.4) | 33.0 (5.1) | 31.3 (5.2) | 30.6 (5.6) | 30.3 (5.9) | 27.7 (5.4) |
| Prepregnancy BMI | 24.6 (5.2) | 24.1 (4.7) | 24.9 (5.4) | 25.6 (5.5) | 25.3 (6.1) | 27.1 (6.9) |
| Gestational age at first FFQ, wk | 11.9 (3.2) | 11.9 (3.3) | 11.7 (3.1) | 11.9 (3.2) | 12.3 (3.4) | 11.7 (3.3) |
| Gestational age at second FFQ, wk | 29.2 (2.5) | 29.2 (2.4) | 29.2 (2.6) | 29.4 (2.5) | 29.3 (2.8) | 29.6 (2.4) |
| Total gestational weight gain, kg | 15.6 (5.3) | 15.8 (4.9) | 15.4 (5.2) | 15.2 (6.4) | 15.8 (5.9) | 12.9 (6.9) |
| N (%) | ||||||
| Race and/or ethnicity | ||||||
| African American | 176 (16.4) | 83 (13.3) | 40 (16.8) | 28 (21.7) | 15 (27.2) | 10 (33.9) |
| Hispanic | 70 (6.5) | 31 (4.9) | 21 (8.5) | 13 (10.0) | 4 (6.5) | 2 (6.5) |
| Asian American | 53 (5.0) | 40 (6.4) | 8 (3.4) | 3 (2.5) | 2 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) |
| White | 730 (67.7) | 446 (71.5) | 164 (67.8) | 77 (60.0) | 30 (53.1) | 14 (47.6) |
| Other | 49 (4.5) | 24 (3.8) | 8 (3.4) | 7 (5.8) | 5 (9.6) | 4 (12.1) |
| College graduate | ||||||
| No | 347 (32.2) | 163 (26.2) | 82 (33.9) | 55 (43.2) | 24 (42.8) | 22 (76.0) |
| Yes | 731 (67.8) | 460 (73.8) | 160 (66.1) | 73 (56.8) | 32 (57.2) | 7 (24.0) |
| Household income >$70 000 | ||||||
| No | 424 (39.3) | 222 (35.6) | 94 (39.1) | 59 (46.5) | 28 (48.9) | 21 (72.4) |
| Yes | 654 (60.7) | 402 (64.4) | 147 (60.9) | 68 (53.5) | 29 (51.1) | 8 (27.6) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 766 (71.0) | 456 (73.1) | 165 (68.5) | 85 (66.8) | 39 (69.0) | 20 (70.0) |
| Former | 206 (19.1) | 120 (19.3) | 49 (20.3) | 27 (21.1) | 9 (15.2) | 1 (4.5) |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 106 (9.8) | 47 (7.6) | 27 (11.2) | 15 (12.1) | 9 (15.8) | 7 (25.6) |
| Nulliparous | ||||||
| No | 562 (52.1) | 338 (54.3) | 112 (46.2) | 65 (51.0) | 30 (53.3) | 17 (57.8) |
| Yes | 516 (47.9) | 285 (45.7) | 130 (53.8) | 63 (49.0) | 26 (46.7) | 12 (42.2) |
| Prepregnancy BMI category | ||||||
| <25 | 702 (65.2) | 431 (69.2) | 152 (63.1) | 70 (55.0) | 36 (63.5) | 13 (43.0) |
| ≥25 | 376 (34.8) | 192 (30.8) | 89 (36.9) | 58 (45.0) | 21 (36.5) | 17 (57.0) |
| N (%) | ||||||
| Child | ||||||
| Boy | 535 (49.6) | 312 (50.1) | 120 (49.5) | 61 (47.7) | 30 (52.7) | 12 (42.9) |
| Girl | 543 (50.4) | 311 (49.9) | 122 (50.5) | 67 (52.3) | 27 (47.3) | 17 (57.1) |
| Mean (SD) | ||||||
| Gestational age at birth, wk | 39.7 (1.4) | 39.7 (1.3) | 39.7 (1.5) | 39.5 (1.5) | 39.8 (1.5) | 39.3 (1.5) |
| Fetal growth z score | 0.19 (0.97) | 0.19 (0.96) | 0.25 (0.97) | 0.19 (0.95) | −0.01 (1.09) | −0.12 (1.03) |
| Breastfeeding duration, mo | 6.5 (4.6) | 7.0 (4.5) | 6.4 (4.5) | 4.7 (4.4) | 5.0 (4.5) | 4.5 (4.4) |
| Midchildhood | ||||||
| Age, y | 8.0 (0.9) | 7.9 (0.8) | 8.0 (0.8) | 8.0 (0.8) | 8.1 (1.0) | 8.3 (1.0) |
| Height, cm | 128.8 (7.7) | 128.3 (7.6) | 129.2 (7.7) | 129.1 (7.9) | 129.7 (7.6) | 132.9 (8.8) |
| Weight, kg | 28.9 (7.8) | 28.2 (7.1) | 29.1 (7.6) | 29.4 (8.2) | 30.6 (9.0) | 35.7 (12.9) |
| BMI | 17.2 (3.1) | 17.0 (2.9) | 17.2 (2.9) | 17.4 (3.2) | 18.0 (3.7) | 19.7 (4.7) |
| BMI z score | 0.38 (1.00) | 0.32 (0.96) | 0.39 (1.00) | 0.41 (1.12) | 0.56 (1.05) | 1.03 (0.95) |
| DXA FMI, kg/m2 | 4.4 (1.9) | 4.3 (1.7) | 4.4 (1.9) | 4.5 (1.9) | 4.8 (2.5) | 5.7 (2.9) |
| Sum of SS + TR, mm | 19.8 (9.7) | 19.0 (8.9) | 19.9 (10.0) | 20.6 (10.2) | 22.5 (12.3) | 26.0 (13.1) |
| Ratio of SS:TR | 70.3 (18.7) | 69.1 (17.4) | 71.3 (19.7) | 70.0 (19.0) | 73.8 (20.9) | 82.2 (23.9) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 59.9 (8.2) | 59.2 (7.5) | 60.4 (8.3) | 60.5 (8.4) | 61.7 (10.5) | 65.6 (12.8) |
| N (%) | ||||||
| BMI category | ||||||
| <85th percentile | 806 (74.8) | 484 (77.7) | 174 (72.0) | 93 (72.9) | 39 (69.2) | 16 (54.9) |
| 85th to <95th percentile | 142 (13.1) | 76 (12.1) | 38 (15.9) | 15 (11.6) | 8 (13.4) | 5 (17.6) |
| ≥95th percentile | 130 (12.1) | 63 (10.1) | 29 (12.2) | 20 (15.5) | 10 (17.4) | 8 (27.5) |