Table 3.
Results of 2-Level Hierarchical Linear Models of Within- and Between- Person Predictors of Technology and Face-to-Face Time Use Predicting Three Objectively-Measured Sleep Outcomes
| Sleep Latency | Sleep Hours | Sleep Efficiency | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
| Fixed Effect | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) |
| Person-Level | |||
| Intercept1, Π0 | |||
| Intercept2, β00 | 18.00 (0.067) *** | 6.412 (0.202)*** | 84.236 (1.541)*** |
| Texting, β06 | 0.029 (0.043) | −0.035 (0.102) | 0.529 (0.749) |
| Instant messaging, β07 | −0.026 (0.063) | −0.018 (0.163) | −0.984 (1.115) |
| Facebook, β08 | 0.024 (0.085) | −0.034 (0.135) | −0.168 (1.231) |
| Twitter, β09 | 0.015 (0.047) | 0.061 (0.117) | 0.320 (.905) |
| Talking on phone, β10 | 0.008 (0.044) | 0.176 (0.100) | −0.303 (1.048) |
| Watching TV, β11 | 0.038 (0.043) | −0.150 (0.116) | −1.03 (0.659) |
| Video games, β12 | 0.073 (0.042) | −0.017 (0.110) | −0.695 (0.801) |
| Computer (working), β13 | 0.050 (0.056) | −0.323 (0.113)** | −0.641 (0.879) |
| Friends, β14 | −0.134 (0.061)* | −0.106 (0.147) | 1.765 (0.895) |
| Family, β15 | 0.008 (0.066) | 0.146 (0.163) | 0.536 (1.012) |
| Positive-negative (electronic), β16 | −0.006 (0.035) | −0.109 (0.083) | −0.358 (0.648) |
| Positive-negative (in-person), β17 | −0.032 (0.044) | 0.151 (0.134) | 0.792 (0.940) |
| Friend X Age, β18 | 0.100 (0.065) | 0.183 (0.170) | −2.753 (1.141)* |
| Family X Age, β19 | −0.094 (0.051) | −0.187 (0.178) | 1.837 (0.707)* |
| Day-level | |||
| Texting, Π2 | |||
| Intercept, β20 | −0.027 (0.034) | −0.236 (0.091)* | 0.823 (0.528) |
| Instant messaging, Π3 | |||
| Intercept, β30 | 0.045 (0.038) | −0.117 (0.099) | −0.426 (0.541) |
| Facebook, Π4 | |||
| Intercept, β40 | −0.000 (0.030) | −0.030 (0.094) | −0.307 (0.501) |
| Twitter, Π5 | |||
| Intercept, β50 | 0.035 (0.058) | 0.200 (0.151) | −0.303 (0..799) |
| Talking on phone, Π6 | |||
| Intercept, β60 | −0.008 (0.036) | 0.325 (0.142)* | 0.363 (0.553) |
| Video games, Π7 | |||
| Intercept, β70 | −0.046 (0.057) | −0.096 (0.126) | 0.419 (0.714) |
| Computer (working), Π8 | |||
| Intercept, β80 | 0.035 (0.031) | −0.269 (0.101)** | −1.319 (0.504)* |
| Watching TV, Π9 | |||
| Intercept, β90 | −0.050 (0.042) | 0.014 (0.104) | 0.326 (0.556) |
| Friends, Π10 | |||
| Intercept, β100 | −0.077 (0.034)* | 0.060 (0.094) | 1.012 (0.593) |
| Family, Π11 | |||
| Intercept, β110 | 0.094 (0.044)* | −0.013 (0.110) | −1.111 (0. 640) |
| Positive-negative (electronic), Π12 | |||
| Intercept, β120 | −0.021 (0.013) | −0.102 (0.43)* | −0.183 (0.244) |
| Positive-negative (in-person), Π13 | |||
| Intercept, β130 | −0.063 (0.034) | 0.119 (0.063)+ | 0.579 (0.380) |