Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 5,085 Jackson Heart Study Participants by Quartiles of Perceived Everyday Discrimination
| Lowest Discrimination → Highest Discriminationa | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Quartile | 2nd Quartile | 3rd Quartile | 4th Quartile | P - value | |
| N | 1287 | 1211 | 1303 | 1284 | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 60.3 (12.8) | 55.9 (12.4) | 53.8 (12.3) | 51.1 (12.0) | < .001 |
| Male sex, No. (%) | 453 (35.2) | 377 (31.1) | 508 (39.0) | 518 (40.3) | < .001 |
| Socioeconomic | |||||
| Education, No. (%) | < .001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 379 (29.4) | 197 (16.3) | 174 (13.4) | 182 (14.2) | |
| High school graduate | 510 (39.6) | 488 (40.3) | 545 (41.8) | 595 (46.3) | |
| College degree | 218 (16.9) | 296 (24.4) | 335 (25.7) | 323 (25.2) | |
| Graduate or professional degree | 180 (14.0) | 230 (19.0) | 249 (19.1) | 184 (14.3) | |
| Incomeb, No. (%) | < .001 | ||||
| Poor | 206 (16.0) | 122 (10.1) | 162 (12.4) | 181 (14.1) | |
| Lower-middle | 316 (24.6) | 243 (20.1) | 218 (16.7) | 265 (20.6) | |
| Upper-middle | 293 (22.8) | 308 (25.4) | 358 (27.5) | 323 (25.2) | |
| Affluent | 258 (20.0) | 346 (28.6) | 398 (30.5) | 310 (24.1) | |
| Missing | 214 (16.6) | 192 (15.9) | 167 (12.8) | 205 (16.0) | |
| Occupation, No. (%) | < .001 | ||||
| Management/professional | 373 (29.0) | 490 (40.5) | 538 (41.3) | 428 (33.3) | |
| Service | 407 (31.6) | 279 (23.0) | 276 (21.2) | 310 (24.1) | |
| Sales | 167 (13.0) | 233 (19.2) | 216 (16.6) | 258 (20.1) | |
| Construction | 78 (6.1) | 63 (5.2) | 88 (6.8) | 82 (6.4) | |
| Production | 243 (18.9) | 135 (11.1) | 175 (13.4) | 196 (15.3) | |
| Other/Missingc | 19 (1.5) | 11 (0.9) | 10 (0.8) | 10 (0.8) | |
| Perceived standing in the community, mean (SD)d | 8.0 (2.0) | 7.8 (1.9) | 7.4 (2.0) | 7.2 (2.1) | < .001 |
| Social support, mean (SD) d | 4.1 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.8) | 4.1 (1.0) | < .001 |
| Healthcare access, mean (SD) d | 0.4 (0.7) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.9) | < .001 |
| Physical examination | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 31.1 (6.6) | 31.8 (7.1) | 31.7 (7.4) | 32.3 (7.7) | .009 |
| Behavioral factors | |||||
| Smoking history, No. (%) | < .001 | ||||
| Never smoked | 881 (68.5) | 842 (69.5) | 884 (67.8) | 839 (65.3) | |
| Former smoker | 272 (21.1) | 234 (19.3) | 252 (19.3) | 231 (18.0) | |
| Current smoker | 134 (10.4) | 135 (11.1) | 167 (12.8) | 214 (16.7) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension, No. (%) | 889 (69.1) | 727 (60.0) | 747 (57.3) | 698 (54.4) | < .001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, No. (%) | 429 (33.3) | 386 (31.9) | 364 (27.9) | 334 (26.0) | < .001 |
| Diabetes, No. (%) | 316 (24.6) | 282 (23.3) | 266 (20.4) | 249 (19.4) | .004 |
| Estimated GFR, mean (SD) | 82.9 (19.7) | 85.0 (18.2) | 86.7 (17.6) | 89.1 (17.5) | < .001 |
BMI= body mass index; GFR= glomerular filtration rate; No.=number; SD=standard deviation
Patients were divided into quartiles by everyday discrimination scores (range 1–7). The range of scores from the lowest to highest quartile were 1.00–1.22, 1.33–1.77, 1.88–2.55, 2.66–7.00.
Income categories were based on family size, US Census poverty levels, and year of baseline clinic visit (2000–2004). Poor represents income below poverty level. Lower-middle, upper-middle, and affluent represent 1–1.5, >1.5 – <3.5, and ≥ 3.5 times the poverty level, respectively.
“Other / missing” occupation includes farming, military, sick, unemployed, homemaker, retired, student, and missing.
Perceived standing in the community scores range from 1–10 with higher scores indicating greater perceived standing. The social support scale ranges from 0–5 with higher scores indicate greater social support. Healthcare access scores range from 0–3 with lower scores indicating better perceived healthcare access.