Table 1.
Intrinsic and cell surface factors associated with HNSCC pathogenesis.
| Function | Factors | Refs. no in foot note |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Agonist dependent or independent signal transduction | EGFR, erbB2 (HER2), PDGFR, IGFR, c‐Met, src, Ras, Stat3, MAPK, NF‐κB, PI3K‐PTEN‐AktmTOR, Wnt/β‐catenin, TGF‐β/smad, CXCR, p38, CIN85 | 1 |
| 2. DNA replication and repair | p53, nucleotide excision repair (NER), OGG | 2 |
| 3. Genetic and chromosomal instability | chromosomal number variation, DNA aneuploidy, LOH, SNP, chromosomal rearrangemen, | 3 |
| 4. Cell fate, survival, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis | Telomerase, Survivin, Bcl‐2/XL, Bax, IAPs, p53, Myc | 4 |
| 5. Mitotic regulation | aurora kinase A | 5 |
| 6. Cell cycle and check point control | cyclin D1, p14, p16, p21, p27, pRB, CDC25A,CDC25B | 6 |
| 7. Cell adhesion and motility | integrins, E‐cadherin, CD44, moesin, laminin | 7 |
| 8. Transcription, translation post‐translation regulation and chromatin remodeling | DNA methylation, miRNA, eIF4, S6, HSP, BMI1, EZH2 | 8 |
| 9. Viral infection | human papilloma virus, Epstein–Barr virus | 9 |
| 10. Intracellular metabolism | aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), hypoxia, xenobiotics, prostaglandin synthesis, Cox‐2, reactive oxygen species (ROS), HIF‐1, mitochondrial DNA mutation, PDK1, LDH, TKLT‐1, Myc, AktmTOR | 10 |
| 11. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition | Src, BMI1, ZEB1, TrkB, Cox‐2, HMGA2, IL‐1β, Snail, Twist, E‐cadherin, Vimentin | 11 |
| 12. Cancer stemness | CD44, Notch, Wnt, Oct, Nanog, Stat3, CD133, ALDH1 | 12 |
References: 1 ‐ Allen et al. (2007), Barnes et al. (2007), Bran et al. (2009), Hunter et al. (2005), Junttila et al. (2007), Knowles et al. (2009), Masuda et al. (2010), Molinolo et al. (2009), Ruan et al. (2006), Sen et al. (2009), Wakasaki et al. (2010); 2 ‐ Hunter et al. (2005), Paz‐Elizur et al. (2008), Wang et al. (2007); 3 ‐ Chen and Chen (2008), Ha et al. (2009), Hopkins et al. (2008); 4 ‐ Hunter et al. (2005), Masuda et al. (2010); 5 ‐ Guan et al. (2007), Reiter et al. (2006); 6 ‐ Gasparotto et al. (1997), Hunter et al. (2005), Todd et al. (2002); 7 ‐ Gonzalez‐Moles et al. (2003), Gonzalez‐Moles et al. (2007), Hunter et al. (2005), Kuratomi et al. (2006), Masuda et al. (2000), Van Waes et al. (1995); 8 ‐ Kang et al. (2010), Molinolo et al. (2009), Tran et al. (2010), Wang et al. (2011a), Yang et al. (2010); 9 ‐ Chung and Gillison (2009), Lo et al. (2006). 10 ‐ Hoogsteen et al. (2007), Koukourakis et al. (2009); Lin et al. (2002); McFate et al. (2008); Schneider et al. (2008); Sun et al. (2010); Wigfield et al. (2008); Zhou et al. (2007b). 11 ‐ Dohadwala et al. (2010), Grille et al. (2003), Kupferman et al. (2010), Mandal et al. (2008), Miyazawa et al. (2004), Song et al. (2009), St John et al. (2009), Yang et al. (2010). 12 ‐ Agrawal et al. (2011), Chen (2009), Chiou et al. (2008), Clay et al. (2010), Masuda et al. (2010), Prince et al. (2007), Song et al. (2010), Stransky et al. (2011), Yang et al. (2010).