Table 2.
Ongoing clinical trials testing novel therapeutic approaches for brain metastasis.
| Systemic therapy | ClinicalTrials.gov identifier | Phase of trial | Class of targeted therapy | Patient population with brain metastasis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiangiogenic | ||||
| Bevacizumab + WBRT | NCT01332929 | 1 | VEGF inhibitor | Solid tumors |
| Cilengitide + WBRT | NCT00884598 | 1 | Anti‐angiogenic small molecule targeting the integrins αvβ3, αvβ5 and α5β1 | Lung cancer (NSCLC or SCLC) |
| Bevacizumab + carboplatin | NCT01004172 | 2 | VEGF inhibitor | Breast cancer |
| Bevacizumab + cisplatin + etoposide | NCT01281696 | 2 | VEGF inhibitor | Breast cancer |
| Radiotherapy +/‐ Endostar Infusion | NCT01410370 | 2 | Antiangiogenic | Solid tumors |
| Tyrosine kinase inhibitors | ||||
| Erlotinib + pemetrexed + cisplatin | NCT01578668 | 2 | EGFR inhibitor | NSCLC |
| WBRT +/‐ erlotinib | NCT01518621 | 2 | EGFR inhibitor | NSCLC |
| Gefitinib + WBRT | NCT01363557 | 2 | EGFR inhibitor | EGFR‐mutant NSCLC |
| Icotinib + WBRT | NCT01516983 | 1/2. | EGFR inhibitor | EGFR‐mutant NSCLC |
| Icotinib + WBRT | NCT01514877 | 2 | EGFR inhibitor | EGFR‐mutant and non‐mutant NSCLC |
| 1) Neratinib or 2) neratinib + resection (candidates for surgery), 3) a. neratinib + capecitabine (no prior lapatinib treatment) or b. neratinib + capecitabine (prior lapatinib treatment) | NCT01494662 | 2 | HER2/EGFR inhibitor | HER2‐positive breast cancer |
| 1) Afatinib or 2) afatinib + vinorelbine or 3) investigator's choice of treatment | NCT01441596 | 2 | HER2/EGFR inhibitor | HER2‐positive breast cancer |
| Lapatinib + WBRT | NCT01218529 | 2 | HER2/EGFR inhibitor | Lung or breast cancer |
| Vemurafenib single arm | NCT01378975 | 2 | BRAF inhibitor | Melanoma BRAFV600 mutant |
| Dabrafenib ± trametinib | NCT01978236 | 2 | BRAF inhibitor/MEK inhibitor | Melanoma BRAFV600E or V600K mutant |
| Dabrafenib + trametinib | NCT02039947 | 2 | BRAF inhibitor/MEK inhibitor | Melanoma V600E, K, D or R mutant |
| Multikinase tyrosine kinase inhibitors/antiangiogenic | ||||
| Sunitinib + stereotactic Radiosurgery | NCT00981890 | 1 | Multikinase TKI/Antiangiogenic | Solid tumors |
| Capecitabine + WBRT → capecitabine + sunitinib** | NCT00570908 | 2 | Multikinase TKI/Antiangiogenic | Breast cancer |
| Sorafenib and radiation therapy ± temozolomide | NCT00639262 | 1 | Multikinase TKI/Antiangiogenic | Solid tumors |
| Sorafenib and stereotactic Radiosurgery | NCT01276210 | 1 | Multikinase TKI/Antiangiogenic | Solid tumors |
| Miscellaneous | ||||
| Iniparib + WBRT | NCT01551680 | 1 | PARP inhibitor | Solid tumors |
| Iniparib + irinotecan | NCT01173497 | 2 | PARP inhibitor | Triple negative breast cancer |
| ABT‐888 + WBRT | NCT00649207 | 2 | PARP inhibitor | Solid tumors |
| TPI‐287 | NCT01332630 | 2 | Taxane | Breast cancer |
| Everolimus + trastuzumab + vinorelbine | NCT01305941 | 2 | mTOR inhibitor | HER2‐positive breast cancer |
| BKM120 + capecitabine | NCT02000882 | 2 | PI3K inhibitor | Triple negative breast cancer |
| BKM120 + trastuzumab | NCT01132664 | 1 | PI3K inhibitor | HER2‐positive breast cancer with or without PIK3 signaling pathway alteration, previously failed trastuzumab |
| 1) GRN1005 or 2) GRN1005 + trastuzumab (if HER2+) | NCT01480583 | 2 | Taxane‐peptide conjugate | HER2‐negative and positive breast cancer |
| Trastuzumab + WBRT | NCT01363986 | 2 | Anti‐HER2 monoclonal antibody | HER2‐positive breast cancer |
Abbreviation: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; PARP, poly ADP ribose polymerase; TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; WBRT, whole brain radiotherapy.