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Exogenous TNF inhibits IFN-α release from PBMCs exposed to influenza virus. PBMCs obtained from healthy volunteers (a) or SLE patients (b) were cultured overnight with live influenza virus with or without TNF. IFN-α release to supernatants (y axis) was measured by ELISA. Average ± SD of IFN-α release in cultures with or without addition of TNF. n = 5, healthy volunteer samples; n = 9, SLE patient samples.
