Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants (Mean±S.E.)
| SN Controls | SN Tobacco Smokers | HIV + Participants | HIV+ Tobacco Smokers | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n=25 | n=25 | n=25 | n=22 | ||
| Age (years) | 43.8±11.4 | 44.0±9.3 | 47.3±11.8 | 45.9±11.2 | 0.62 |
| Education (years) | 15.6±3.7 | 13.4±1.9 | 15.4±2.3 | 14.1±2.4 | 0.02* |
| Males (%)/Females (%) | 23(92)/2(8) | 23(92)/2(8) | 24(96)/1(4) | 20(91)/2(9) | 0.62 |
| Race | 0.89 | ||||
| White/Asian/Black/Native-Hawaiian | 12/8/0 | 9/6/1 | 12/6/1 | 12/3/1 | |
| Pacific Islander/Mixed Race | 2/3 | 3/6 | 3/3 | 1/5 | |
| HIV Disease Severity | |||||
| CD4 count (#cells/mm3) | 549.9±356.3 | 551.9±233.5 | 0.98 | ||
| Nadir CD4 (#cells/mm3) | 206.4±133.3 | 219.2±137.1 | 0.77 | ||
| HIV duration (months) | 185.0±254.9 | 126.3±89.4 | 0.33 | ||
| # (%) with undetectable virus | 19 (76%) | 20 (91%) | .17 | ||
| # (%) taking antiretroviral medications | 22 (88%) | 20 (91%) | .75 | ||
| Plasma HIV RNA (copies/mL)** | 9,260±39,493 | 159±471 | 0.31 | ||
| Log plasma HIV RNA | 2.1±1.0 | 1.7±0.5 | 0.10 | ||
| Karnofsky score (max. 100) | 93.15±1.28 | 93.18±1.91 | 0.99 | ||
| HIV Dementia Scale | 15.05±0.34 | 15.13±0.52 | 14.46±0.40 | 12.82±0.86 | 0.10 |
| # HAND or HAND-Equivalent (%) | 6 (24%) | 9 (36%) | 7 (28%) | 11 (50%) | 0.25 |
| # On antidepressants/anxiolytics (%)*** | 2 (8%) | 4 (16%) | 8 (32%) | 9 (40%) | 0.03* |
| Tobacco usage | |||||
| Fagerstrom score | 4.8±2.4 | 3.4±2.2 | 0.11 | ||
| Daily average tobacco use (#cigarettes) | 17.9±8.7 | 17.9±12.4 | 0.995 | ||
| Total lifetime tobacco used (pack years) | 22.3±15.1 | 22.6±18.4 | 0.96 | ||
| Duration of tobacco use (years) | 24.4±11.9 | 25.9±12.1 | 0.68 | ||
| Marijuana (MJ) usage | |||||
| # Marijuana users past month (%) | 3 (12%) | 5 (20%) | 6 (24 %) | 6 (27.3%) | 0.59 |
| Daily average MJ used (g) | 0.34±1.41 | 0.13±0.20 | 0.22±0.40 | 0.54±1.00 | 0.41 |
| Total lifetime MJ used (kg) | 2.6±10.4 | 0.62±1.20 | 1.73±4.15 | 3.98±9.72 | 0.46 |
| Duration of MJ use (years) | 4.9±9.3 | 8.5±11.9 | 13.4±14.6 | 14.3±13.2 | 0.03* |
| Median years since last use (range) | 12.2 (0–39.8) | 1.7 (0–29.9) | 3.4 (0–30.4) | 1.1 (0–39.7) | 0.21 |
| Alcohol usage | |||||
| # Alcohol users past month (%) | 14 (56%) | 8 (32%) | 10 (40%) | 8 (36.4%) | 0.33 |
| Daily average alcohol used (mL) | 9.9±14.4 | 13.1±32.6 | 13.1±32.6 | 33.5±56.4 | 0.33 |
| Total lifetime alcohol used (Liters) | 96.5±150.8 | 140.2±352.9 | 362.5±1311.4 | 276.8±540.1 | 0.57 |
| Median lifetime alcohol used (Liters, range) | 65.8 (0.004–596) | 68.4 (2.2–1533) | 88.9 (9.5–6748) | 53.1 (0.33–2491) | 0.64 |
| Duration of alcohol use (years) | 20.1±14.6 | 15.3±15.9 | 18.3±15.0 | 22.2±12.3 | 0.54 |
| Median days since last use (range) | 0 (0–12,926) | 20 (0–2,002) | 30 (0–4,848) | 91 (0–3,666) | 0.29 |
*
P-value <0.05 (from 1-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis or chi-square test)
**
Plasma HIV RNA was calculated from 6 (HIV+) and 2 (HIV+Smoker) participants with detectable viruses.
***
Antidepressants or anxiolytics used (some may take more than one):
- SN: venlafaxine (n=1); trazadone (n=1)
- SN-Smokers: bupropion (n=1); fluoxetine (n=2); Clordiazepoxide (n=1)
- HIV+: venlafaxine (n=2); paroxetine (n=4); trazodone (n=3); clonazepam (n=1); fluoxetine (n=1); aprazolam (n=1); buspirone (n=1); bupropion (n=1); aripiprazole (n=1); diazepam (n=1); tempazepam (n=1)
- HIV+Smokers: paroxetine (n=2); quetiapine (n=1); fluoxetine (n=2); mirtazapine (n=1); diazepam (n=1); aripiprazole (n=2); olanzapine (n=2); citalopram (n=2); bupropion (n=3); venlafaxine (n=1); aprazolam (n=1); clonazepam (n=1)