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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2017 Mar 16;12(3):389–401. doi: 10.1007/s11481-017-9728-7

Table 2.

Cognitive Domain Z-Scores1 of the Study Participants (Mean±S.E.)

Cognitive Domain SN Controls SN Tobacco Smokers HIV+ Participants HIV+ Tobacco Smokers Two-way ANOVA p-value
n=25 n=25 n=25 n=22 IV effect Tobacco effect HIV x Tobacco interaction
Fluency 0.37±0.12 0.05±0.10 −0.04±0.10 −0.18±0.13 0.04 0.20 0.37
Executive function 0.18±0.12 −0.26±0.11 −0.36±0.14 −0.61±0.14 0.02 0.19 0.40
Speed −0.05±0.09 −0.23±0.09 −0.36±0.08 −0.55±0.13 0.03 0.23 0.91
Attention/WM −0.03±0.13 −0.39±0.10 −0.54±0.13 −0.58±0.13 0.02 0.46 0.19
Learning 0.16±0.11 −0.27±0.10 −0.31±0.14 −0.53±0.16 0.03 0.14 0.37
Memory 0.16±0.11 −0.12±0.10 −0.25±0.13 −0.47±0.13 0.01 0.30 0.55
Motor 0.03±0.12 −0.17±0.09 −0.30±0.11 −0.68±0.18 0.02 0.29 0.74
Global 0.13±0.08 −0.20±0.06 −0.27±0.09 −0.55±0.12 0.003 0.07 0.59
# (%) with HAND or HAND-equivalent 6 (24%) 12 (48%) 8 (32%) 14 (63.6%)
Subtypes of HAND or HAND-equivalent 6 ANI 10 ANI
2 MND		 5 ANI
2 MND
1 HAD		 4 ANI
5 MND
5 HAD
1
Z-Scores are derived from a normative database of 507 seronegative healthy controls studied with the same test battery below and are adjusted for age and education
  • Fluency: DKEFS or Ruff Figural Design Fluency and Verbal Fluency (with letters FAS)
  • Executive Functions: DKEFS CWI or Stroop Interference and Trail Making Test B
  • Speed of Information Processing: Symbol Digit, DKEFS Trail-making Number Sequencing or Trail Making Test A, DKEFS Color naming or Stroop Color Naming, and California Computerized Assessment Package (CalCAP) Simple Reaction Time
  • Attention/Working Memory: Arithmetic from Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-VI, Digit Span Backward, Letter-Number Sequencing, Arithmetic and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test 1
  • Learning: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Trial 5; Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure Test-Immediate Recall
  • Memory: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall (Trial 7); Rey Complex Figure-Delayed Recall
  • Motor Skills: Grooved Pegboard Dominant and Non-dominant hands.

HAND: HIV-associated Neurological Disorder(s)

ANI: Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment

MND: Minor neurocognitive disorder

HAD: HIV-associated dementia or HAD-equivalent