Table 3.

Effect of Personal and Neighborhood Poverty, Persistence of Poverty, and Household Income Level on Change in Damage¹ between 2009 and 2015, with and without Adjustment for Demographic Characteristics, Health Status, Health Care Characteristics, and Health Behaviors

Economic Status Variables	Unadjusted	Adjusted3
Combination of Personal and Neighborhood Poverty2	cells are mean change in damage (95% CI)
Not poor, not living in area of concentrated poverty	1.35 (1.21, 1.49)	1.36 (1.22, 1.50)
Not poor, living in area of concentrated poverty	1.35 (0.87, 1.84)	1.29 (0.82, 1.77)
Poor, not living in area of concentrated poverty	1.82 (1.46, 2.20)	1.75 (1.38, 2.13)
Poor, living in area of concentrated poverty	2.59 (1.82, 3.35)	2.71 (1.93, 3.49)
p-value for interaction	0.121	0.029
Persistence of Poverty prior to baseline
Never Poor	1.32 (1.18, 1.46)	1.34 (1.20, 1.49)
Poor Fewer than Half of Years	1.54 (1.16, 1.92)	1.49 (1.10, 1.88)
Poor Half of Years or More	1.59 (1.11, 2.07)	1.45 (0.97, 1.93)
Poor All Years	2.52 (1.99, 3.05)	2.45 (1.88, 3.01)
p-value for overall association	<0.001	0.0037
Level of Household Income
≤ $20,000/year	1.89 (1.62, 2.17)	1.73 (1.42, 2.04)
$20,001–40,000/year	1.76 (1.48, 2.03)	1.76 (1.49, 2.03)
$40,001–60,000/year	1.33 (1.03, 1.64)	1.37 (1.07, 1.67)
$60,001–80,000/year	1.17 (0.84, 1.50)	1.13 (0.80, 1.47)
> $80,000/year	1.15 (0.94, 1.36)	1.24 (1.02, 1.47)
p-value for overall association	<0.001	0.0164

¹Brief Index of Lupus Damage (BILD)

²Neighborhood poverty defined as Census block group with 30% or more of residents in poverty

³Adjusted models include poverty status plus demographic characteristics, disease duration, health care characteristics, and health behaviors.