Table 4.

Effect of Economic Status in Mitigating or Exacerbating the Effect of Poverty on Accumulated Damage¹ Between 2009 and 2015, with and without Adjustment for Demographic Characteristics, Health Status, Health Care Characteristics, and Health Behaviors

Economic Status Variables	Models with Economic Status Variables Only	Fully Adjusted Models2
Poverty Income alone	cells are mean change in damage (95% CI)
Below 125% of FPL (poverty income)	2.02 (1.70, 2.35)	1.97 (1.63, 2.31)
Above 125% of FPL (not in poverty)	1.33 (1.20, 1.46)	1.34 (1.21, 1.47)
p-value for overall association	<0.001	0.001
Conjoint Poverty and Education
Poverty Income
Individual with at least some college	2.05 (1.65, 2.46)	1.88 (1.47, 2.30)
Individual with high school education or less	1.97 (1.45, 2.49)	2.16 (1.56, 2.76)
Not in poverty	1.33 (1.20, 1.46)	1.34 (1.21, 1.47)
p-value for overall association	<0.001	0.003
Intergenerational SES
Poverty Income
Parents with at least some college	2.10 (1.58, 2.61)	2.06 (1.56, 2.56)
Parents with high school education or Less	1.96 (1.51, 2.41)	1.89 (1.43, 2.36)
Not in Poverty	1.33 (1.20, 1.46)	1.34 (1.21, 1.47)
p-value for overall association	0.001	0.01
Exiting Poverty
Remained in Poverty	2.08 (1.72, 2.45)	1.98 (1.59, 2.38)
Left Poverty Permanently	1.40 (0.99, 1.80)	1.30 (0.90, 1.69)
Left Poverty 1 Year Before Baseline	1.47 (0.80, 2.15)	1.24 (0.60, 1.88)
Left Poverty 2–3 Years Before Baseline	1.43 (0.84, 2.03)	1.44 (0.85, 2.02)
Left Poverty 5–11 Years Before Baseline	1.17 (0.27, 2.07)	1.08 (0.22, 1.94)
Never in Poverty	1.33 (1.19, 1.47)	1.36 (1.23, 1.50)
p-value for overall association	<0.001	0.009

¹Brief Index of Lupus Damage (BILD)

²Adjusted models include poverty status plus demographic characteristics, disease duration, health care characteristics, and health behaviors.