Figure 3.

Caregiver (parents, alloparents) food share refusals after a recipient food beg. Mothers refused to share food less often than any other caregiver group. Fathers treated with arginine vasopressin (AVP) refused more when treated with AVP compared to Pro⁸-oxytocin (OT). Asterisks indicate significant differences between social roles using a Fisher’s post hoc test (p < 0.05). Bars with differing letters indicate significant differences across treatments within individuals using a Fisher’s post hoc test.