Figure 3.

Curcumin and Curcuma longa L. extract inhibit CCl₄-induced ER stress. (a) Rats were intraperitoneally treated with CCl₄ (0.1 mL/100 g body weight) one time for 1 day or every other day for 4 weeks. Curcumin (200 mg/kg) or Curcuma longa L. extract (100 or 300 mg/kg) was given once daily. (a) Immunoblotting was performed using antibodies against anti-GRP78, CHOP, p-eIF2α, eIF2α, p-PERK, PERK, p-JNK, JNK, p-IRE-1α, IRE1-α, and β-actin. (b) The quantification analysis of antibody expression was performed using the indicated loading control. (c) sXBP-1 was measured with an RT-PCR assay as described in the text. (d) Representative electron microcopy images with clear ER morphology are shown. The experiments were repeated three times using tissues from at least three different rats. ^# P < 0.05 vs. the control group; ^* P < 0.01 vs. the CCl₄ group (n = 10 rats per group). Cur: curcumin, CL: Curcuma longa L.