Figure 7.

Curcumin and Curcuma longa L. extract regulate interaction between PDI and apoB, inhibiting ER stress in CCl₄-treated primary hepatocytes. Mouse primary hepatocytes were exposed to 0.5% CCl₄ with or without 2 µM curcumin or 25 µM CL for 12 h. Hepatocytes were assessed by confocal microscopy (scale bar, 10 µm). Images show the localization of PDI (green) and apoB (red) in the ER. Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). (b) Protein extracts from hepatocytes were immunoprecipitated with anti-PDI or apoB antibody and immunoblotted with anti-apoB or anti-PDI antibody, respectively. (c) Immunoblotting was performed using antibodies against anti-GRP78, CHOP, p-eIF2α, eIF2α, p-IRE-1α, IRE1-α, and β-actin. (d) Schematic representation of signaling in acute or chronic CCl₄-induced dyslipidemia. The experiments were repeated three times using at least three different samples. ^# P < 0.05 vs. the control group; ^* P < 0.05 vs. the CCl₄ group. Cur: curcumin, CL: Curcuma longa L., PDI: protein disulfide isomerase.