Table 4.
Baseline characteristics.
| VR group-AD | VR group-normal aging | zc | pd | re | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSEa | 22.05 (1.62) | 27.73 (2.02) | −3.560 | <0.001 | 0.839 |
| Verbal fluency test | 19.90 (4.86) | 22.87 (10.16) | −0.801 | 0.423 | 0.189 |
| Verbal categorical test | 23.20 (3.22) | 25.75 (9.42) | −0.490 | 0.624 | 0.155 |
| FABb | 11.18 (2.75) | 13.12 (3.34) | −1.422 | 0.155 | 0.335 |
| Attentional matrices test | 20.80 (8.19) | 29.42 (10.11) | −1.599 | 0.110 | 0.379 |
| Digit span test | 6.30 (1.51) | 5.63 (0.55) | −0.489 | 0.625 | 0.115 |
| Corsi block test—span | 3.91 (1.02) | 4.62 (0.60) | −1.780 | 0.075 | 0.419 |
| Corsi block test—supraspan | 6.83 (1.71) | 9.25 (1.89) | −2.577 | 0.010 | 0.607 |
Scores obtained from the first neuropsychological assessment for patients with AD assigned to the VR-based training (“VR group- AD”) and for cognitively healthy elderly individuals assigned to the VR-based training (“VR Group-Normal Aging”). Data are shown as means and standard deviations (SD).
a
MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination.
b
FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery.
c
Mann–Whitney U testing.
d
p-value.
e
Effect size (|r| > 0.40 can be considered as a medium effect size, Cohen, 1988).