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. 2017 Jul 26;7:6577. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06028-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Influence of the NDs on the mechanical properties of GelMA hydrogels and evaluation of the substrate stiffness on hASCs traction forces. (A) Schematic indicating the functional groups in GelMA involved in the process of crosslinking using UV irradiation. On the bottom, an image displaying the different GelMA nanocomposite hydrogels prepared using several concentrations of NDs. (Scale bar = 15 mm). (B) Compressive elastic modulus of the different samples obtained by varying the concentration of NDs. Results are reported as mean ± S.D., (n = 5). (C) Frequency sweep carried out in the range of 0.01 up to 10 Hz indicates an increase in the value of the storage modulus (G’) for the system containing NDs (0.2% w/w). (D) Tan δ (G”/G’) profiles indicate a decrease of this parameter in the presence of NDs (0.2% w/w) in all the range of frequencies tested. (E) Phase contrast pictures (scale bar = 200 µm) and traction map images of hASCs cultured on GelMA hydrogels (−ND) and nanocomposite hydrogels (+ND) after 24 hours. (F) Root-mean-square (RMS) traction values of hASCs indicating an increase in cell traction on the substrate containing NDs. Results are showed as mean ± S.D., (n = 8). (*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001).