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. 2017 Jul 26;7:6640. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06794-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of Stretch Parameters on Cell Length and Roundness. Stretching the cells at higher strains produces cells that are shorter after one regimen (p < 0.05) but longer after two (A), (p < 0.05). Regardless of whether or not cells are stretched, they are longer when cultured for an additional regimen (B), (p < 0.05). After one stretch regimen, cells that are stretched longer periods of time are shorter (p < 0.05), however after a second regimnen of stretch, increased duration of stretch results in longer cells (C), (p < 0.05). Stretching the cells for one regimen produces round cells at low strains (p < 0.05) but less round cells at high strain (D), (p < 0.05). Cells that are stretched for two regimens are much less round regardless of strain (D), (p < 0.05). If cells are left unstretched, they naturally round up but if they are stretched, additional regimens decrease roundness regardless of maximum strain (E), (p < 0.05). Stetching cells for longer durations has no effect on cell roundess after only one regimen but after a second regimen, longer durations of stretch produce less round cells (F), (p < 0.05).