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. 2017 Jul 26;7:6640. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06794-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of Stretch Parameters on Cell Circularity and Orientation. Cells stretched with 1 regimen have increased circularity and increasing the strain exagerates this effect (A), (p < 0.05) but after a second regimen, cells that are stretched have lower circularity than controls (p < 0.05) but strain has no effect (A). Control cells have significantly higher circularities with additionnal regimens (p < 0.05) but cells that are stretched have lower circularity after a second stretch regimen (B), (p < 0.05). After one regimen, cells stretched for longer durations have higher circularity (p < 0.05) but after a second regimen, they are much less circular than controls (C), (p < 0.05). Increasing the duration of stretch increases circularity after either one or two regimens of stretch (C), (p < 0.05). Stretching cells at higher strains produces cells that more aligned (D), (p < 0.05). Control cells are more aligned after additional culture time (p < 0.05) and repeating a stretch regimen produces cells that are much more aligned (E), (p < 0.05). Increasing the length of time cells are stretched increases their alignment (F), (p < 0.05).