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. 2017 Jul 26;7:6640. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06794-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Influence of Orientation on Stretch Induced Changes in Morphology. When cells are stretched for a second regimen, the average cell length of the entire population would increase (A), (p < 0.05). By looking specifically at cells oriented in parallel with the direction of stretch, their change in length between the first and second cycle is even greater (A), (p < 0.05). When considering the cells oriented perpendicular to the direction of stretch, a second regimen does nothing to the cell length (A). Looking at cell roundness shows that a second regimen of 10% stretch produces cells that are less round than those only stretched for a single regimen (B), (p < 0.05). An exaggerated trend is seen in the cells solely oriented in parallel with the direction of stretch (B), (p < 0.05). When considering the cells oriented perpendicularly, the cells are rounder after a second regimen of stretch (B), (p < 0.05).