Table 6.

Tests of invariance constraints (1 configural, 2 metric and 3 scalar) for gender, age, education, sexual experience, time, and ethnicity

				χ 2 test of model fit			χ 2 difference test			Decision
Hierarchical invariance testing steps		CFI	RMSEA	Value	df	p	Δ χ 2	Δ df	p
Test of invariance constraints for gender (male vs. female)
1	Noninvariant	.91	.04	665.78	262	<.001				Invariance accepted
2	λ 1 invariant	.91	.04	700.95	281	<.001	35.16	19	.013	Invariance accepted
3	λ τ invariant	.89	<.05	823.96	300	<.001	123.01	19	<.001	Invariance rejected
Test of invariance constraints for age (16–18, 19–21, 22–26)
1	Noninvariant	.90	.04	851.36	393	<.001				Invariance accepted
2	λ 1 invariant	.90	.04	906.09	431	<.001	54.72	38	.039	Invariance accepted
3	λ τ invariant	.89	.04	993.81	469	<.001	87.73	38	<.001	Invariance rejected
Test of invariance constraints for education (low, moderate, high)
1	Noninvariant	.92	.03	739.07	393	<.001				Invariance accepted
2	λ 1 invariant	.91	.03	811.57	431	<.001	72.49	38	.001	Invariance accepted
3	λ τ invariant	.89	.04	916.84	469	<.001	105.27	38	<.001	Invariance rejected
Test of invariance constraints for sexual experience (no vs. yes)
1	Noninvariant	.93	.04	586.67	262	<.001				Invariance accepted
2	λ 1 invariant	.93	.04	601.96	281	<.001	15.29	19	.704	Invariance accepted
3	λ τ invariant	.91	.04	673.56	300	<.001	71.60	19	<.001	Invariance rejected
Test of invariance constraints between measurement waves (Wave 1 vs. Wave 2)
1	Noninvariant	.91	<.05	1073.56	262	<.001				Invariance accepted
2	λ 1 invariant	.91	<.05	1094.46	281	<.001	20.90	19	.342	Invariance accepted
3	λ τ invariant	.91	.04	1126.07	300	<.001	31.61	19	.035	Invariance accepted
Test of invariance constraints for ethnicity (Native Dutch vs. Non-Native Dutch)
1	Noninvariant	.92	.04	614.85	262	<.001				Invariance accepted
2	λ 1 invariant	.92	.04	644.57	281	<.001	29.72	19	.055	Invariance accepted
3	λ τ invariant	.91	.04	705.75	300	<.001	61.18	19	<.001	Invariance rejected