Table 5.

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of NOACs.

	Dabigatran	Rivaroxaban	Apixaban	Edoxaban
Absorption with food	No effect	+39%	No effect	+(6–22%)
Intake with food recommended	No	Mandatory	No	No
Renal clearance	80%	35%	27%	50%
Bioavailability	6%	80%	60%	62%
CYP metabolism	None	66%	15%	<4%
Transporter	P-glycoprotein	P-glycoprotein	P-glycoprotein	P-glycoprotein
Hours to Cmax	3	2–4	3	1–2
Half-life, hours	12–17	5–13	9–14	10–14

Cmax: maximal concentration; CYP: cytochrome P 450; NOACs: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants.

Modified from Camm et al., [32] Heidbuchel et al., [113] Eriksson et al., [114] and Lip et al. [115]