Table 1.
Demographic, health, and DASH score by diabetes status, HCHS/SOL (2008–2011)
| Characteristic | Overall (n=15 942) |
Normal glucose tolerance (n=6590) |
Pre-diabetes (n=6079) |
SR diabetes controlled (medications) (n=706) |
SR diabetes controlled (no medications) (n=255) |
SR diabetes uncontrolled (medications) (n=1040) |
SR diabetes uncontrolled (no medications) (n=171) |
Unrecognized diabetes (n=1101) |
| Age (years) | 41.1 (40.6, 41.6) | 34.0 (33.5, 34.5) | 45.2 (44.5, 45.8) | 57.9 (56.6, 59.2) | 51.5 (49.3, 53.7) | 54.6 (53.3, 55.9) | 49.0 (46.1, 52.0) | 52.3 (51.0, 53.5) |
| Female | 52.3 (51.2, 53.4) | 54.5 (52.9, 56.1) | 48.0 (46.0, 50.0) | 56.5 (50.5, 62.3) | 51.1 (41.7, 60.4) | 55.7 (50.8, 60.5) | 45.6 (35.2, 56.4) | 56.5 (52.4, 60.5) |
| Diet acculturation | ||||||||
| Mainly/mostly Hispanic | 73.6 (72.2, 75.0) | 71.0 (69.2, 72.8) | 75.2 (73.0, 77.3) | 75.6 (70.5, 80.1) | 80.5 (73.0, 86.3) | 77.3 (73.2, 80.9) | 83.6 (74.9, 89.8) | 78.9 (74.7, 82.5) |
| Equally Hispanic/American | 22.4 (21.1, 23.6) | 24.4 (22.9, 26.0) | 21.1 (19.2, 23.2) | 21.0 (16.8, 25.9) | 14.5 (9.7, 21.0) | 19.7 (16.3, 23.6) | 14.5 (8.9, 23.0) | 18.3 (14.7, 22.4) |
| Mainly/mostly American | 4.0 (3.6, 4.6) | 4.6 (3.9, 5.4) | 3.7 (2.9, 4.7) | 3.4 (2.0, 5.6) | 5.0 (2.2, 10.9) | 3.0 (2.1, 4.4) | 1.8 (0.5, 6.2) | 2.9 (1.8, 4.5) |
| Current smoker | 21.2 (20.0, 22.3) | 21.6 (20.0, 23.2) | 21.8 (20.2, 23.6) | 14.9 (11.3, 19.4) | 24.7 (17.1, 34.3) | 19.0 (15.6, 23.0) | 23.5 (15.6, 33.7) | 17.3 (14.3, 20.8) |
| Weight (kg) | 78.9 (78.4, 79.4) | 75.3 (74.6, 76.0) | 81.4 (80.6, 82.3) | 85.2 (83.0, 87.3) | 82.5 (79.5, 85.5) | 85.0 (83.1, 86.9) | 84.9 (81.0, 88.8) | 83.5 (81.9, 85.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| Underweight/normal | 23.0 (21.9, 24.0) | 33.0 (31.4, 34.7) | 15.0 (13.6, 16.5) | 9.7 (6.5, 14.3) | 11.5 (7.3, 17.6) | 9.4 (7.2, 12.2) | 10.8 (5.5, 20.1) | 8.7 (6.7, 11.3) |
| Overweight | 37.3 (36.2, 38.5) | 37.9 (36.2, 39.7) | 38.3 (36.5, 40.2) | 28.6 (23.9, 33.8) | 35.3 (26.0, 45.9) | 33.8 (29.7, 38.1) | 37.3 (27.1, 48.7) | 34.3 (30.5, 38.5) |
| Obese | 39.7 (38.4, 41.0) | 29.0 (27.2, 30.9) | 46.7 (44.7, 48.6) | 61.7 (56.0, 67.1) | 53.2 (43.5, 62.6) | 56.9 (52.2, 61.4) | 51.9 (41.1, 62.5) | 56.9 (52.9, 60.9) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.4 (97.0, 97.8) | 93.1 (92.6, 93.7) | 99.8 (99.2, 100.4) | 106.3 (104.7, 107.9) | 101.8 (99.4, 104.2) | 107.0 (105.7, 108.4) | 104.6 (101.6, 107.6) | 104.2 (103.0, 105.3) |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L)* | 98.7 (98.2, 99.2) | 89.5 (89.3, 89.7) | 98.1 (97.8, 98.5) | 111.8 (109.6, 114.0) | 104.0 (100.6, 107.6) | 170.5 (165.3, 175.9) | 209.0 (191.6, 227.9) | 124.2 (120.5, 128.0) |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L)* | 10.2 (10.0, 10.5) | 8.4 (8.1, 8.6) | 11.9 (11.6, 12.2) | 13.3 (12.3, 14.3) | 12.1 (10.6, 13.8) | 13.1 (12.2, 14.1) | 12.2 (10.5, 14.2) | 15.9 (15.1, 16.8) |
| HOMA-IR* | 2.5 (2.4, 2.6) | 1.8 (1.8, 1.9) | 2.9 (2.8, 3.0) | 3.7 (3.4, 4.0) | 3.1 (2.7, 3.6) | 5.5 (5.1, 6.0) | 6.3 (5.5, 7.2) | 4.9 (4.6, 5.2) |
| DASH score, 0–80 | 41.6 (41.3, 42.0) | 41.3 (40.9, 41.7) | 41.5 (41.0, 41.9) | 43.9 (42.8, 44.9) | 44.8 (43.1, 46.6) | 42.6 (41.7, 43.6) | 43.2 (40.8, 45.5) | 42.5 (41.6, 43.4) |
| DASH tertiles | ||||||||
| Less healthy | 35.9 (34.4, 37.3) | 37.7 (35.8, 39.6) | 35.4 (33.3, 37.6) | 26.8 (22.6, 31.5) | 25.5 (18.4, 34.1) | 31.9 (27.6, 36.6) | 31.2 (22.0, 42.2) | 34.4 (30.5, 38.5) |
| Normal | 33.7 (32.5, 34.8) | 33.0 (31.5, 34.6) | 35.5 (33.4, 37.6) | 31.8 (27.2, 36.7) | 33.8 (25.6, 43.0) | 33.1 (28.1, 38.6) | 31.1 (22.5, 41.2) | 29.2 (25.8, 32.9) |
| Healthiest | 30.5 (29.1, 31.9) | 29.3 (27.5, 31.1) | 29.1 (27.2, 31.0) | 41.4 (35.6, 47.4) | 40.8 (32.3, 49.9) | 34.9 (30.5, 39.7) | 37.7 (27.6, 49.0) | 36.4 (32.3, 40.7) |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1914.4 (1893.9, 1934.8) |
1958.1 (1930.8, 1985.5) |
1943.1 (1908.5, 1977.7) |
1643.1 (1558.5, 1727.8) |
1822.0 (1672.0, 1971.9) |
1625.6 (1566.9, 1684.3) |
1895.3 (1740.5, 2050.2) |
1771.8 (1710.8, 1832.9) |
Data are presented as means or percentages (95% CIs).
*Geometric means are reported for variables with skewed distributions.
BMI, body mass index; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; HCHS/SOL, Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function and insulin resistance; SR, self-reported.