Table 2.
Descriptive statistics for all measures
| Mean | SD | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transformed real-world error rates | 95.7 | 219.7 | 1.0–1516.8 |
| Laboratory memory and perception test error rates (percentage) | |||
| Backward masking error rate | 22.2 | 14.8 | 2.5–80.0 |
| Progressive demasking error rate | 2.3 | 6.5 | 0.0–55.0 |
| Speech-in-noise error rate | 26.3 | 14.5 | 2.5–57.5 |
| Short-term memory error rate | 5.2 | 5.9 | 0.0–33.3 |
| Laboratory memory and perception test near miss rates (percentage) | |||
| Backward masking near miss rate | 11.4 | 6.1 | 0.0–33.3 |
| Progressive demasking near miss rate | 9.3 | 6.1 | 0.0–28.6 |
| Speech-in-noise near miss rate | 18.2 | 9.3 | 0.0–42.3 |
| Short-term memory near miss rate | 10.1 | 6.2 | 0.0–28.6 |
| Laboratory memory and perception test response times (ms) | |||
| Backward masking response time | 1772.3 | 397.4 | 1213.5–3305.5 |
| Progressive demasking response time | 1081.6 | 173.8 | 898.7–1883.7 |
| Speech-in-noise response time | 2035.8 | 539.6 | 1262.7–4114.9 |
| Short-term memory response time | 1456.9 | 306.7 | 1095.2–3354.4 |
| Drug name word attributes | |||
| Word frequency (count/100 000) | 21.8 | 29.3 | 0.1–131.5 |
| Familiarity (1–5 Likert scale rating) | 3.5 | 0.8 | 1.3–4.7 |
| Bigram frequency (count ×1000) | 7.5 | 3.4 | 1.2–19.0 |
| Length (count) | 10.7 | 5.9 | 5.0–37.0 |
| Similarity (percentage) | 55.8 | 13.0 | 29.6–83.3 |
Transformed real-world error rates: The error rate for a given drug pair (ie, the number of wrong prescriptions dispensed divided by the total number of prescriptions) multiplied by an undisclosed constant. Multiplication by the constant number set the lowest error rate to 1.0.
Laboratory memory and perception test error rates: The percentage of participants who responded incorrectly on the two-alternative forced-choice test for a given drug name pair.
Laboratory memory and perception test near miss rates: The percentage of participants who moved their mouse over the incorrect answer (but responded correctly) on the two-alternative forced-choice test for a given drug name pair.
Laboratory memory and perception test response times: The amount of time it took participants to make a response in non-error and non-near miss trials for a given drug name pair.
Word frequency: The number of times the target/prescribed drug was prescribed in the 1-year data period divided by 100 000.
Familiarity: The familiarity rating of the target/prescribed drug name on a 1–5 Likert scale, with a higher number indicating more familiarity.
Bigram frequency: The mean English frequency of all adjacent letter combinations in the target/prescribed drug name multiplied by 1000.
Length: The number of letters in the target/prescribed drug name.
Similarity: The percentage of overlap (as measured by BI-SIM and EDITEX) between the target/prescribed name and the competitor/dispensed name.