Table 2.
Markers of fibrosis.
| Biomarker | Trials | Patients | Results | Potential DX efficiency in cryptogenic stroke |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galectin-3 | 1 prospective trial | 3306 | ↑ Gal-3: ↑ risk of developing AF after adjusting for clinical risk factors: ⦸ significant | + |
| 1 prospective trial | 76 | Galectin-3 ↑ in AF compared with the control galectin-3 ↑ in persistent AF compared with paroxysmal AF | ||
| 1 prospective trial | 33 | Galectin-3 level is an independent correlate of the extent of LA fibrosis in paroxysmal AF patients | ||
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| TGF-β1 | 1 prospective trial | 75 | TGF-b1 ↑ in cAF and pAF group compared with SR group; ⦸ difference in TGF-b1 levels between the cAF group and the pAF group | +− |
|
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| MMP-9 | 1 prospective trial | 75 | MMP-9 levels ↑ gradually from paroxysmal AF through persistent AF, permanent AF | + |
|
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| GDF-15 | 1 prospective trial | 67 | GDF-15 ↑ in paroxysmal AF independently associated with paroxysmal AF | + |
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| Multimarker | 1 prospective trial | 52 | Galectin-3, MMP-9, and PIIINP ↑ in AF | + |
| 1 prospective trial | 2935 | PIIINP showed a nonlinear association with incident AF; ⦸ association between circulating TGF-β1 levels and incident AF | ||
+−: questionable; +: potentially useful; ↑ increased; ⦸: no.