Table 4.

Markers with other functions.

Biomarker	Trials	Patients	Results	Potential DX efficiency in cryptogenic stroke
Circulating procoagulant microparticles	1 prospective trial	70	↑ PMPs in both AF patients and disease control subjects compared to healthy control subjects; ⦸ difference between AF patients and disease control subjects; ⦸ difference in PMP levels between patients with paroxysmal and permanent AF and between those receiving anticoagulant therapy	+
	1 prospective trial	45	Circulating procoagulant MPs can be ↑ in persistent and/or permanent AF and might reflect a hypercoagulable state that could lead to atrial thrombosis and thromboembolism
ADMA	1 prospective trial	42	ADMA levels in patients with acute AF ↑ compared to patients with chronic AF and healthy controls	+
MicroRNA	1 prospective trial	10	The expression levels of these 4 miRNAs ↓ in patients with AF; the miRNA-150 levels ↓ by a factor of approximately 17 times in paroxysmal AF patients relative to controls and a factor of approximately 20 times in persistent AF relative to controls	+
	1 prospective trial	2445	Circulating levels of miR-328 that were associated with prevalent AF adjustment for risk factors that promote atrial remodeling attenuated the association

+: potentially useful; ↑: increased; ↓: decreased; ⦸: no.