Table 2.
Prevalence, geometric mean of eggs counts and factors associated with frequency of Schistosoma haematobium in Kaedi, southern Mauritania, 2014/2015
| Variable | Frequency of S. haematobium | Bivariate | Multivariate | GMEC (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Positive | Prevalence (95% CI) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| Overall | 2162 | 86 | 4.0 (3.2–4.9) | 3.67 (2.80–4.31) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1064 | 54 | 5.1 (3.9–6.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3.50 (2.64–4.85) |
| Male | 1098 | 32 | 2.9 (2.1–4.1) | 1.78 (1.14–2.78) | 1.75 (1.11–2.77) | 3.38 (2.58–4.76) |
| P-value | 0.010 | 0.114b | ||||
| Age group (in years) | ||||||
| 5–7 | 761 | 35 | 4.7 (3.4–6.5) | 1.00 | 3.82 (2.64–5.87) | |
| 8–11 | 783 | 26 | 3.2 (2.2–4.7) | 1.40 (0.84–2.35) | 3.74 (2.70–5.58) | |
| 12–15 | 618 | 25 | 4.0 (2.7–5.9) | 1.14 (0.68–1.93) | 2.80 (2.00–4.18) | |
| P-value | 0.436 | 0.522a | ||||
| Education level | ||||||
| No education | 446 | 25 | 5.6 (3.8–8.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4.17 (2.74–6.95) |
| Koranic school | 256 | 11 | 4.3 (2.4–7.6) | 1.32 (0.64–2.73) | 1.82 (0.86–3.85) | 8.93 (3.56–30.87) |
| Primary school | 1335 | 45 | 3.4 (2.5–4.5) | 1.70 (1.03–2.81) | 1.79 (1.07–2.99) | 2.91 (2.34–3.70) |
| Secondary school | 125 | 5 | 4.0 (1.7–9.3) | 1.42 (0.53–3.80) | 1.56 (0.57–4.25) | 2.13 (1.00–2.96) |
| P-value | 0.217 | 0.013a | ||||
| Relationship with household head | ||||||
| Child | 1468 | 59 | 4.0 (3.1–5.2) | 1.00 | 3.32 (2.63–4.26) | |
| Other relatives | 663 | 27 | 4.1 (2.8–5.9) | 0.98 (0.62–1.57) | 4.17 (2.69–7.17) | |
| Without relatives | 31 | 0 | – | - | – | |
| P-value | 0.520 | 0.329b | ||||
| Household head’s education level | ||||||
| No education | 449 | 31 | 6.9 (4.7–9.7) | 1.00 | 4.17 (3.09–6.17) | |
| Koranic school | 515 | 23 | 4.5 (2.9–6.6) | 0.58 (0.91–2.76) | 5.10 (3.89–7.38) | |
| Primary school | 252 | 21 | 8.3 (5.2–12.4) | 0.81 (0.46–1.45) | 3.70 (2.91–5.26) | |
| Secondary school | 209 | 9 | 4.3 (2.0–8.0) | 1.65 (0.77–3.53) | 3.03 (2.00–6.95) | |
| Higher academic level | 67 | 2 | 3.0 (0.4–10.4) | 2.41 (0.56–10.31) | 7.38 (3.78–19.49) | |
| P-value | 0.111 | 0.334a | ||||
| Household head’s occupation | ||||||
| Non-officialsc | 943 | 61 | 6.5 (5.0–8.2) | 0.48 (0.25–0 .93) | 0.49 (0.25–0.95) | 3.39 (2.70–5.41) |
| Officialsd | 209 | 14 | 6.7 (3.7–11.0) | 0.46 (0.21–1.05) | 0.46 (0.20–1.03) | 2.97 (2.70–7.38) |
| Unemployed | 339 | 11 | 3.2 (1.6–5.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 3.38 (2.13–7.84) |
| P-value | 0.076 | 0.476a | ||||
| Habitation zone | ||||||
| Zone 1 | 775 | 39 | 5.0 (3.7–6.8) | 0.60 (0.34–1.04) | 4.42 (3.32–6.75) | |
| Zone 2 | 767 | 28 | 3.6 (2.5–5.2) | 0.83 (0.46–1.51) | 2.53 (1.87–3.63) | |
| Zone 3 | 620 | 19 | 3.0 (2.0–4.8) | 1.00 | 3.70 (2.48–6.05) | |
| P-value | 0.148 | 0.048a | ||||
| Season | ||||||
| Wet | 1026 | 29 | 2.8 (2.0–4.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4.80 (3.01–8.48) |
| Dry | 1136 | 57 | 5.0 (3.9–6.5) | 0.55 (0.35–0.87) | 1.71 (1.07–2.74) | 5.10 (3.25–8.84) |
| P-value | 0.009 | 0.081b | ||||
Factors with P-value <0.05 were identified at bivariate level and were considered for the multivariate model
aObtained by ANOVA
bObtained by Student’s t-test
cFamers, traders, craftsmen
dTeachers, medical staff, administrators
Abbreviations: aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, cOR crude odds ratio, GEMC geometric mean of egg count, N number examined