Fig. 1.
Quinoline blockade of heme crystal growth by step-pinning or kink-blocking. Head-to-tail heme dimers add in a classic crystallization mechanism at growth sites, which are: (1) terraces or open facers, (2) nuclei of a few heme dimers, (3) kink sites, and (4) closely spaced steps. Quinolines block by open flat face attachment in the instance of chloroquine and quinine, kink-blocking in the case of amodiaquine and mefloquine, and by step-bunching in the case of pyronaridine.
