Table 2.
Summary of PCIT with ASD studies
| Reference | Child gender | Diagnosis | Study design | Follow-up time | Primary findings | Adaptations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agazzi et al (2013)137 | 1 (male) | Autism spectrum disorder | Case study | 3-month follow-up | Increased child compliance and decreased ECBI scores | None reported |
| Armstrong et al (2013)75 | 1 (male) | Asperger’s disorder | Case study | Posttreatment and 3-month follow-up | ECBI scores decreased to nonclinical range | None reported |
| Armstrong et al (2015)76 | 1 (female) | Autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disabilities, comorbid epilepsy | Case study | Posttreatment and 5-month follow-up | ECBI scores decreased to nonclinical range | Visual supports and personalized social story to explain the treatment to child |
| Ginn et al (2017)138 | 30 (80% male) | Autism spectrum disorder | RCT | Posttreatment and 6-week follow-up | ECBI Intensity scores were lower in the treatment group (p<0.001). Social awareness scores were significantly higher in the treatment group (d=1.03) | Treatment delivered in eight CDI training sessions (no additional CDI sessions and no PDI sessions) |
| Hatamzadeh et al (2010)74 | 4 (100% male) | Autism spectrum disorder | Pre–post, single case | Posttreatment, 2-, and 4-weeks follow-up | ECBI scores decreased. | None reported |
| Lesack et al (2014)70 | 1 (male) | Autism spectrum disorder | Case study | Posttreatment only | ECBI scores decreased to subclinical range | Adapted criteria for reflections, specialized teaching sessions for child in PDI, shortened time-outs |
| Masse et al (2016)72 | 3 (100% male) | Autism spectrum disorder | Nonconcurrent multiple staggered baseline | One, 10 weeks (n=1), and 12 weeks (n=2) follow-up | ECBI scores decreased to nonclinical range | Implemented in client’s home, 1-hr sessions twice a week |
| Solomon et al (2008)73 | 19 (100% male) | Autism spectrum disorder | Matched waitlist control group | Posttreatment only | ECBI Problem scores significantly decreased (p=0.15). ECBI intensity scores decreased to nonclinical range | Avoidance of perseverative speech, redirected isolating, or controlling behavior during CDI |
| Hansen et al (2016)68 | 2 (100% male) | Autism spectrum disorder | A–B within-subjects | Posttreatment only | Children’s total vocalizations increased | Implemented to increase child vocalizations |
| Zlomke et al (2017)69 | 17 (82.4% male) | Primary diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder | Single group | Posttreatment only | ECBI intensity (d=2.45) and ECBI problem (d=1.67) scores significantly decreased | Adapted mastery criteria (10 labeled praises, 20 combined reflections, and behavioral descriptions) |
Abbreviations: CDI, Child-Directed Interaction; ECBI, Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory; PDI, Parent-Directed Interaction; RCT, randomized controlled trial.