Table 1.
Clinical characteristics according to microvascular or macrovascular disease at baseline
| Overall (n = 11,140) | History of microvascular or macrovascular disease at baseline | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dual absence (n = 6789) | Microvascular alone (n = 761) | Macrovascular alone (n = 3196) | Both (n = 394) | p | ||
| Male sex, n (%) | 6407 (57.5) | 3628 (53.4) | 404 (53.1) | 2107 (65.9) | 268 (68.0) | <0.0001 |
| Region of origin: Asia, n (%) | 4136 (37.1) | 2525 (37.2) | 350 (46.0) | 1115 (34.9) | 146 (37.1) | <0.0001 |
| Region of origin: established market economies, n (%) | 4862 (43.7) | 3012 (44.4) | 292 (38.4) | 1389 (43.5) | 169 (42.9) | |
| Region of origin: Eastern Europe, n (%) | 2142 (19.2) | 1252 (18.4) | 119 (15.6) | 692 (21.6) | 79 (20.0) | |
| Age (years): mean (SD) | 65.8 (6.4) | 65.9 (6.3) | 65.3 (6.4) | 65.6 (6.6) | 67.0 (6.6) | <0.0001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years): mean (SD) | 7.9 (6.4) | 7.6 (6.1) | 10.3 (7.3) | 7.7 (6.3) | 10.2 (7.2) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2): mean (SD) | 28.3 (5.2) | 28.4 (5.3) | 27.7 (5.2) | 28.4 (4.9) | 28.2 (5.4) | 0.002 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg): mean (SD) | 145 (22) | 145 (21) | 149 (24) | 144 (22) | 148 (23) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg): mean (SD) | 81 (11) | 81 (11) | 81 (12) | 80 (11) | 81 (11) | 0.41 |
| Use of antihypertensive treatment, n (%) | 7655 (68.7) | 4357 (64.2) | 521 (68.5) | 2466 (77.2) | 311 (78.9) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%): mean (SD) | 7.5 (1.6) | 7.5 (1.6) | 7.9 (1.7) | 7.4 (1.5) | 7.9 (1.6) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol): mean (SD) | 59 (17) | 58 (17) | 63 (19) | 57 (16) | 62 (18) | |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 74 (18) | 76 (17) | 73 (20) | 73 (18) | 69 (20) | <0.0001 |
| Urinary ACR (mg/g): median (Q1, Q3) | 15 (7, 40) | 13 (7, 31) | 49 (12, 390) | 15 (7, 36) | 86 (13, 461) | <0.0001 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mmol/l): mean (SD) | 5.2 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.2) | 5.0 (1.2) | 4.9 (1.2) | <0.0001 |
| Serum HDL cholesterol (mmol/l): mean (SD) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
| Serum LDL cholesterol (mmol/l): mean (SD) | 3.1 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.0) | <0.0001 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/l): median (Q1, Q3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) | 0.05 |
| History of ever smoking, n (%) | 4674 (42.0) | 2702 (39.8) | 271 (35.6) | 1529 (47.8) | 172 (43.7) | <0.0001 |
Comparison of qualitative and quantitative parameters were performed using Chi square and ANOVA tests, respectively. Kruskal–Wallis test was used for variables with skewed distribution (urinary albumin-creatinine ratio and triglycerides). p < 0.05 was significant
Established market economies: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, United Kingdom; Eastern Europe: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Slovakia; Asia: Philippines, China, Malaysia, India. eGFR, computed by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. ACR, Albumin to Creatinine Ratio. Use of lipid lowering drugs: statins or other hypolipidemic agents