Table 2.

Longitudinal associations between motorway exposure and change in walking, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behaviour

	Walking			MVPA			Sedentary behaviour
		Participation (yes/no)	Minutes per week		Participation (yes/no)	Minutes per week		Minutes per day
Exposure	N	OR (95% CI)	IRR (95% CI)	N	OR (95% CI)	IRR (95% CI)	N	B (95% CI)
Area: New motorway (South) (Reference: no motorway (North))	248	0.68 (0.24, 1.89)	0.82 (0.62,1.10)	214	0.60 (0.25, 1.43)	0.94 (0.68, 1.31)	215	52.46 (−15.70, 120.62)
Proximity within study area with new motorway	88	1.54 (0.24, 9.70)	1.27 (0.86,1.89)	70	2.39 (0.49, 11.65)	1.27 (0.76, 2.12)	81	−40.17 (−125.38, 45.05)
Area: Existing motorway (East) (Reference: no motorway (North))	248	0.57 (0.19, 1.68)	1.07 (0.79,1.47)	214	0.37 (0.15, 0.91)	0.89 (0.62, 1.27)	215	39.39 (−33.48, 112.27)
Proximity within study area with existing motorway	69	1.55 (0.32, 7.52)	1.03 (0.71,1.50)	59	0.30 (0.09, 0.97)	0.77 (0.46, 1.29)	59	59.41 (−26.91, 145.73)

Bold values represent statistically significant associations (p < 0.05). MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, OR odds ratio, IRR incidence rate ratio, B beta, CI confidence interval

Proximity was defined as the negative of the natural logarithm of the road network distance in metres from the weighted population centroid of the unit postcode of residence to the nearest motorway junction. Analyses were adjusted for age, gender, home ownership, car ownership, work status and time lived in neighbourhood