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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Inj Prev. 2016 Sep 1;23(3):158–164. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042091

Table 3.

Incidence and persistence of low back pain by country.

Incidence of pain [One-month prevalence at follow-up in participants who did not have low back pain at baseline] Incidence of disabling pain [One-month prevalence at follow-up in participants who did not have low back pain at baseline] Persistence of pain [One-month prevalence at follow-up in participants who had low back pain the past month at baseline]

OR (95%CI) OR (95%CI) OR (95%CI)

% Crude Adjusteda % Crude Adjustedb % Crude Adjustedc

Spain (reference) (Cases=51 / N=268) (Cases=26 / N=337) (Cases=71 / N=125)
19.0 1 1 7.7 1 1 56.8 1 1

Costa Rica (Cases=18 / N=121) (Cases=21 / N=154) (Cases=47 / N=84)
14.9 0.74 (0.41-1.34) 0.88 (0.46-1.68) 13.6 1.89 (1.03-3.48) 1.83 (0.94-3.59) 56.0 0.97 (0.55-1.69) 1.24 (0.67-2.31)

Nicaragua (Cases=51 / N=138) (Cases=31 / N=180) (Cases=88/ N=116)
37.0 2.49 (1.57-3.95) 2.38 (1.44-3.92) 17.2 2.49 (1.43-4.34) 2.53 (1.38-4.62) 75.9 2.39 (1.37-4.16) 2.51 (1.36-4.66)
a

Adjusted for sex, age, somatizing tendency, mental health, use of a keyboard > 4 hours, incentives.

b

Adjusted for sex, age, know someone outside work with LBP, mental health and non-disabling pain at baseline.

c

Adjusted for sex, age, contract, adverse beliefs about prognosis, and awareness of repetitive strain injury, work–related upper limb disorder or cumulative trauma syndrome (CTS)