Table 3.
Incidence and persistence of low back pain by country.
| Incidence of pain [One-month prevalence at follow-up in participants who did not have low back pain at baseline] | Incidence of disabling pain [One-month prevalence at follow-up in participants who did not have low back pain at baseline] | Persistence of pain [One-month prevalence at follow-up in participants who had low back pain the past month at baseline] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |||||||
| % | Crude | Adjusteda | % | Crude | Adjustedb | % | Crude | Adjustedc | |
| Spain (reference) | (Cases=51 / N=268) | (Cases=26 / N=337) | (Cases=71 / N=125) | ||||||
| 19.0 | 1 | 1 | 7.7 | 1 | 1 | 56.8 | 1 | 1 | |
| Costa Rica | (Cases=18 / N=121) | (Cases=21 / N=154) | (Cases=47 / N=84) | ||||||
| 14.9 | 0.74 (0.41-1.34) | 0.88 (0.46-1.68) | 13.6 | 1.89 (1.03-3.48) | 1.83 (0.94-3.59) | 56.0 | 0.97 (0.55-1.69) | 1.24 (0.67-2.31) | |
| Nicaragua | (Cases=51 / N=138) | (Cases=31 / N=180) | (Cases=88/ N=116) | ||||||
| 37.0 | 2.49 (1.57-3.95) | 2.38 (1.44-3.92) | 17.2 | 2.49 (1.43-4.34) | 2.53 (1.38-4.62) | 75.9 | 2.39 (1.37-4.16) | 2.51 (1.36-4.66) | |
a
Adjusted for sex, age, somatizing tendency, mental health, use of a keyboard > 4 hours, incentives.
b
Adjusted for sex, age, know someone outside work with LBP, mental health and non-disabling pain at baseline.
c
Adjusted for sex, age, contract, adverse beliefs about prognosis, and awareness of repetitive strain injury, work–related upper limb disorder or cumulative trauma syndrome (CTS)