Table 2.
Medications Associated with the Development of Atrial Fibrillation
| Drug Group | Quality of Evidence | Drugs |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular | High | Acetylcholine, adenosinea, dobutaminea |
| Moderate | Flecainide,b milrinone, propafenoneb | |
| Low | Amiodarone, atenolol, digoxin, diltiazem, dopamine, dopexamine, isosorbide mononitrate, levosimendan, losartan, nesiritide, thiazide diuretics, verapamil | |
| Respiratory | High | Aminophylline/theophylline |
| Moderate | -- | |
| Low | Albuterol, arformoterol, corticosteroids, fluticasone, ipratropium, methylprednisolonea, pseudoephedrine, salmeterol | |
| Antineoplastic | High | -- |
| Moderate | Amifostine, cisplatin,a interleukin-2, melphalana | |
| Low | Cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabinea, interferon-α, lenalidomide, mitoxantrone, paclitaxel | |
| CNS agents | High | -- |
| Moderate | -- | |
| Low | Atropine, apomorphinea, clozapine, fluoxetine, lacosamide, olanzapine, physostigminea, sumatriptan,a tranylcypromine, trazodone | |
| Genitourinary | High | -- |
| Moderate | -- | |
| Low | Sildenafil, vardenafil | |
| Miscellaneous | High | Alcoholc |
| Moderate | -- | |
| Low | Azathioprineb, anabolic steroidsa, bisphosphonates, caffeine, etanercept, nicotine, pentagastrin |
a
Medications reported in van der Hooft, 2004[5] with further evidence documented after 2004.
b
Atrial flutter
c
Predominantly alcohol binging
H = High; L = Low; M = Moderate