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. 2017 Jul 27;13(7):e1006393. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006393

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© 2017 Brindley, Loukas

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Fig 2 — Opisthorchis viverrini secretes a growth factor termed liver fluke granulin, Ov-GRN-1, an orthologue of mammalian granulin. Ov-GRN-1 stimulates cholangiocytes to proliferate and promotes wound healing and angiogenesis. A recent report on Ov-GRN-1 [32] illustrates some of these carcinogenic-conducive properties of the growth factor, as follows: (A) rate of wound closure on a cutaneous lesion on mice, (B) the angiogenic nature of Ov-GRN-1 revealed using the chorioallantoic membrane assay in fertilized quail eggs.