. 2017 Jul 27;12(7):e0179928. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179928

Table 1. Compilation of published studies on thermal limits of marine and freshwater larvae.

Order & Family	Species	Common Name	Larval Habitat	Larval Age / Size	Method					Rearing T (°C)	Thermal limit		Study
Order & Family	Species	Common Name	Larval Habitat	Larval Age / Size	Factor (LT or CT)	Ind. / Groups	Time (h)	Change Rate (°C h^-1)	End-point	Rearing T (°C)	Lower	Upper	Study
Ord. Acipenseriformes
Fam. Acipenseridae
	Scaphirhynchus albus	Pallid sturgeon	FW	6–10 mm TL	LT (S)	G	0.1	-	D + LOE	22	-	32.0	[15]
Ord. Atheriniformes
Fam. Atherinidae
	Leurestes sardina	Gulf grunion	SW	0–30 dph	LT (S)	G	0.5–72.0	-	D	20–30	7.0–8.0	31.0–36.0	[16]
	Leurestes tenuis	Californian grunion	SW	0–30 dph	LT (S)	G	0.5–72.0	-	D	20–30	3.0–8.0	32.0–40.0	[16]
Ord. Beloniformes
Fam. Adrianichthyidae
	Oryzias melastigma	Marine medaka	SW	5 mm	CT (D)	I	168.0	18	LOE	12–32	6.3–12.3	39.9–42.8	[17]
Ord. Clupeiformes
Fam. Clupeidae
	Alosa pseudoharengus	Alewife	FW	1 dph	LT (S)	G	24.0	abrupt	D	14–15	-	31.0	[18]
	Brevoortia tyrannus	Atlantic menhaden	SW	-	LT (S)	G	> 12.0	-	D	7–15	1.5–4.0	-	[19]
	Clupea harengus	Atlantic herring	SW	YS	LT (S)	G	24.0	-	D	7, 13		20.5–23.5	[20]
			SW	-	LT (S)	G	0.1–1.0	-	D	8	-	25.0–31.0	[21]
			SW	6–8 mm	LT (S)	G	24.0	-	D	7–15	-2.0–-0.35	22.0–23.5	[22]
Fam. Engraulidae
	Engraulis australis	Australian anchovy	SW	E to YS	LT (S)	G	0.5–24.0	15	D	25–27	-	35.1	[23]
Ord. Cypriniformes
Fam. Catostomidae
	Catostomus commersonii	White sucker	FW	YS	LT (S)	G	24.0–168.0	-	D	9–21	3.0–6.1	28.0–32.0	[24]
	Chasmistes brevirostris	Shortnose sucker	FW	35 dph	LT (S)	G	96.0	-	D	20	-	31.7–32.0	[25]
	Chasmistes liorus	June sucker	FW	7 dph	LT + ILT (S)	G	0.1–720.0	abrupt	D	16	-	21.0–33.0	[26]
	Deltistes luxatus	Lost River sucker	FW	35 dph	LT (S)	G	96.0	-	D	20	-	31.5–32.0	[25]
Fam. Cyprinidae
	Agosia chrysogaster	Longfin dace	FW	22 dph	CT (D)	I	-	42	LOE	18–30	-	33.5–39.7	[27]
	Labeo rohita	Rohu carp	FW		CT (D)	I	-	18	LOE	26–36	12.0–14.4	42.3–45.6	[28]
	Pimephales promelas	Fathead minnow	FW	3 dph	CT (D)	G	-	18	LOE	22–23	3.4–9.9	31.4–35.9	[29]
Ord. Cyprinodontiformes
Fam. Cyprinodontidae
	Cyprinodon nevadensis	Amargosa pupfish	FW	60 dph	CT (D)	G	-	18	LOE	20–36	-	38.0–44.0	[30]
Fam. Fundulidae
	Fundulus grandis	Gulf killifish	SW	<9 mm SL	CT (D)	I	-	18	LOE	29	-	42.6–43.6	[31]
	Fundulus heteroclitus	Mummichog	SW	<9 mm SL	CT (D)	I	-	18	LOE	29	-	42.8–44.5	[31]
Ord. Esociformes
Fam. Esocidae
	Esox lucius	Northern pike	FW	YS	LT (S)	G	24.0–168.0	abrupt change	D	6–18	-	20.4–28.9	[32]
	Esox lucius	Northern pike	FW	YS	LT (S)	-	240.0	3	D	3–24	4.2	> 25.0	[33]
	Esox masquinongy	Muskellunge	FW	1–53 dph	CT (D)	G	1272.0	60	S	17–23	-	29.0–35.0	[34]
Ord. Gadiformes
Fam. Gadidae
	Gadus morhua	Atlantic cod	SW	E to YS	LT (S)	G	24.0–600.0	-	D	6	-	>12	[35]
Ord. Mugiliformes
Fam. Mugilidae
	Mugil cephalus	Hawaiian striped mullet	SW	YS	LT (S)	G	168.0	2		3–33	14.2^a	30.1	[36]
Ord. Osmeriformes
Fam. Osmeridae
	Hypomesus transpacificus	Delta smelt	FW	30–64 dph	CT (D)	I	-	18	LOE	16	-	29.0–30.0	[37]
	Mallotus villosus	Capelin	SW	2–4 dph	LT (S)	G	24.0 (+ 0.3)	-	D	5	-2.0–-3.0	> 20.0	[38]
	Osmerus mordax	Rainbow smelt	FW	-	LT (S)	G	0.1–1.0	-	D	13	-	29.0–32.0	[21]
Ord. Perciformes
Fam. Carangidae
	Atule mate	Yellowtail scad	SW	0–6 dph	LT + ILT (S)	G	0.5–72.0	-	D	24	-	26.0–37.0	[39]
Fam. Centrarchidae
	Micropterus salmoides	Largemouth bass	FW	0–12 dph	LT (S)	G	24.0	-	D	20–30	-	31.2–33.7	[40]
	Micropterus salmoides	Largemouth bass	FW	YS, FL	LT (S)	G	1.0–96.0	0–5	D	18–38	-	32.8–34.1	[41]
Fam. Cichlidae
	Oreochromis mossambicus	Mozambique tilapia	FW	E to YS	LT (S)	G	240.0	-	D	11–40	20.0	> 34.0	[42]
	Oreochromis niloticus	Nile tilapia	FW	YS	LT (S)	G	YS to swim-up larvae	-	D	11–40	21.8	32.1	[43]
	Oreochromis niloticus	Nile tilapia	FW	13–32 mm TL	CT (D)	-	24.0–60.0	0.04	D	25–37	-	38.0–39.0	[44]
Fam. Moronidae
	Morone chrysops	White bass	FW	1 dph	LT (S)	G	24.0	-	D	14–26	-	30.8–32.0	[45]
	Morone saxatilis	Striped bass	FW	3–14 mm TL	LT (S)	G	24.0	abrupt	D	15–23	-	31.7–36.7	[46]
Fam. Percidae
	Etheostoma fonticola	Fountain darter	FW	24–72 hph	LT (S)	G	24.0	-	D	23	3.8	-	[47]
	Perca flavescens	Yellow perch	FW	E to YS	LT (S)	-	YS to swim-up larvae	-	D	12	9.3–9.8	18.8–22.5	[48]
	Perca flavescens	Yellow perch	FW	YS	LT (S)	-	24.0	-	D	18	3.0	28.0	[49]
	Sander lucioperca	Pikeperch	FW	4–6 mm	LT (S)				D		6.0–6.5	30.0–32.0	[50] in [49]
Fam. Sciaenidae
	Bairdiella icistia	Bairdiella	SW	2 mm	LT (S)	G	1.0–72.0	abrupt	D	21–30	-	29.0–36.0	[51]
Fam. Scombridae
	Thunnus albacares	Yellowfin tunna	SW	YS	LT + ILT (S)	G	E to YS	0.04	M + D	19–36	19.5	35.2	[52]
Fam. Sparidae
	Pagrus major	Red sea bream	SW	0–42 dph	LT (S)	-	24.0	-	D	20	9.5–12.0	26.5–30.5	[53]
	Sparus aurata	Gilt-head bream	SW	12 dph	CT (D)	G	-	1	SWI	18	-	22.0–30.0	[54]
Ord. Petromyzontiformes
Fam. Petromyzontidae
	Ichthyomyzon fossor	Northern brook lamprey	FW	AMM	LT (S)	-	336.0	-	D	15	-	30.5	[55]
	Lampetra lamottenii	Brook lamprey	FW	AMM	LT (S)	-	336.0	-	D	15	-	28.5	[55]
	Lampetra planeri	European brook lamprey	FW	AMM	LT (S)	-	336.0	-	D	5–25	-	27.0–29.0	[55]
	Petromyzon marinus	Sea lamprey	FW	AMM	LT (S)	-	336.0	-	D	5–25	-	29.5–31.0	[55]
Ord. Pleuronectiformes
Fam. Pleuronectidae
	Pleuronectes putnami	Smooth flounder	SW	-	LT (S)	G	0.1–1.0	-	D	4	-	27.0–32.0	[21]
	Pseudopleuronectes americanus	Winter flounder	SW	5 dph	LT (S)	G	0.1–1.0 (+ 24.0)	-	D	5	-	29.0–33.0	[56]
Fam. Scophthalmidae
	Scophthalmus maximus	Turbot	SW	0–25 dph	LT (S)	G	2.0 (+ 60.0–84.0)	-	D	17	-	22.0–29.0	[57]
Fam. Soleidae
	Solea solea	Dover sole	SW	1–12 mg WW	LT (S)	G	96.0	-	D	8–15	5.0–8.7	23.0–28.1	[58]
Ord. Salmoniformes
Fam. Salmonidae
	Coregonus artedi	Cisco	FW	-	LT (S)	G	24.0	-	D	3	-	19.8	[59]
	Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis	Cutthroat trout	FW	7–14 dph	LT + ILT (S)	G	720.0–1440.0	0.04	D	10–26	-	22.6–25.7	[60]
	Oncorhynchus gilae apache	Apache trout	FW	E to YS	LT (S)	G	336.0	0.25	D	15–27	-	17.1–17.9	[61]
	Oncorhynchus kisutch	Coho salmon	FW	E to YS	LT (S)	G	> 1400.0	-	D	1–17	-	12.5	[62]
	Prosopium williamsoni	Mountain whitefish	FW	30–300 mg WW	LT + ILT (S)	I	0.1–792.0	0.04	D	10	-	22.6–23.6	[63]
	Prosopium williamsoni	Mountain whitefish	FW	870–3700 mg WW	CT (D)	I	-	30	LOE	13	-	26.7	[63]
	Salmo salar	Atlantic salmon	FW	-	LT (S)	G	120.0–168.0	1	D	5–6	-	22.0–28.0	[64]
	Salmo trutta fario	Brown trout	FW	-	LT (S)	G	120.0–168.0	1	D	5–6	-	23.0–28.0	[64]
	Salmo trutta trutta	Sea trout	FW	-	LT (S)	G	120.0–168.0	1	D	5–6	-	22.0–28.0	[64]
	Salvelinus alpinus	Arctic charr	FW	13–15 mm	LT + ILT (S)	G	72.0 (+ 0.2–168.0)	2	D	0–20	-	19.3–26.2	[65]
Ord. Scorpaeniformes
Fam. Sebastidae
	Sebastes thompsoni	Rockfish	SW	-	LT (S)	-	24.0	-	D	10–25		25.6–28.8	[66]
Ord. Siluriformes
Fam. Clariidae
	Clarias gariepinus	African sharp-tooth catfish	FW	E to YS	LT (S)	G	>193.0	-	D	17–36	18.9	33.2	[67]

Abbreviations: FW, freshwater; SW, seawater; LT, lethal temperature; ILT, incipient lethal temperature; CT, critical temperature; S, static method; D, dynamic method; dph, days post-hatch; E, eggs; YS, yolk sac larvae; FL, feeding larvae; AMM, ammocoetes; TL, total length; SL, standard length; WW, wet weight; I, individuals; G, groups; D, death; LOE, loss of equilibrium; S, onset of spasms; M, malformations; SWI, swimming ceases.