Table 1. Maternal and neonatal characteristics according to maternal BMI.
Data are expressed as mean [SD] or N (%).
| 18.5≤ BMI<25 kg/m2 | BMI≥30 kg/m2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | N = 222 | N = 226 | P-value |
| Age (years) | 30.9 [4] | 30.8 [4.7] | 0.7 |
| Primiparity n (%) | 82 (36.9) | 89 (39.4) | 0.6 |
| Gestational age at inclusion (wks) | 14.8 [2.1] | 14.8 [2.3] | 0.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Before pregnancy | 21.3 [1.7] | 34.7 [4.6] | <0.0001 |
| At inclusion | 22.4 [1.9] | 35.5 [4.4] | <0.0001 |
| Education n(%) | <0.001 | ||
| No diploma | 8 (3.6) | 26 (11.6) | |
| Secondary school | 18 (8.2) | 44 (19.6) | |
| High school diploma | 25 (11.4) | 50 (22.2) | |
| Higher education | 169 (76.8) | 105 (46.7) | |
| Ethnicity n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| White European | 154 (69.7) | 76 (33.9) | |
| Northern Africa | 18 (8.1) | 52 (23.2) | |
| Sub Saharan Africa | 31 (14) | 89 (39.7) | |
| Other | 18 (8.1) | 7 (3.1) | |
| Gestational hypertension n (%) | 2 (0.9) | 14 (6.3) | 0.002 |
| Caesarian section n (%) | 36 (16.3) | 102 (45.1) | <0.001 |
| Smoking during pregnancy n (%) | 22 (10.1) | 22 (9.8) | 0.9 |
| Alcohol use n (%) | 9 (4.1) | 5 (2.2) | 0.3 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 13.5 [4.2] | 8.2 [7.4] | <0.0001 |
| Within recommended range n (%) | 90 (42.7) | 56 (26.5) | <0.01 |
| More than recommended n (%) | 52 (24.6) | 96 (45.5) | |
| Less than recommended n (%) | 69 (32.7) | 59 (28.0) | |
| Gestational diabetes n (%) | 41 (20) | 99 (45.2) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin treatment | 8 (21.1) | 49 (52.1) | |
| Gestational age at diagnosis n (%) | |||
| < 18 weeks | 4 (9.8) | 49 (49.5) | |
| 24–28 weeks | 13 (31.7) | 36 (36.4) | |
| 32 weeks | 24 (58.5) | 14 (14.1) | |
| Maternal biological data | |||
| Glycaemia at 37 weeks (mmol/L) | 4.1 [0.5] | 4.3 [0.5] | <0.01 |
| Insulinemia at 37 weeks (mU/mL) | 10.7 [8.4] | 19.6 [11.6] | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR at 37 weeks | 2.0 [1.8] | 3.8 [2.6] | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c at delivery (%) | 5.4 [0.3] | 5.5 [0.4] | <0.0001 |
| Leptin at delivery (ng/mL) | 23.0 [14.2] | 48.7 [25.3] | <0.0001 |
| Adiponectin at delivery (μg/mL) | 6.0 [2.32] | 5.0 [2.5] | <0.0001 |
| Neonatal characteristics | N = 222 | N = 226 | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.8 [1.1] | 39.6 [1.1] | 0.09 |
| Boys n (%) | 117 (53) | 103 (45) | 0.13 |
| Birthweight (g) | |||
| Boys | 3456 [433] | 3392 [463] | 0.24 |
| Girls | 3316 [402] | 3391[408] | 0.43 |
| Weight Z-score | 0.01 [0.95] | 0.08 [0.96] | 0.4 |
| Ponderal index (g/cm3) | 2.75 [0.24] | 2.78 [0.28] | 0.2 |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 17.9 [3.3] | 19.4 [3.9] | <0.0001 |
| Cord blood biological data | |||
| Glycemia (mmol/L) | 4.2 [0.92] | 4.2 [1.0] | 0.5 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 9.7 [8.8] | 12.6 [10.1] | <0.01 |
| C-peptide (ng/mL) | 0.77 [0.7] | 0.96 [0.7] | 0.04 |
| Boys | |||
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 18.1 [3.5] | 18.8 [4.2] | 0.20 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 8.4 [8] | 8.9 [6.5] | 0.7 |
| Placenta weight (g) | 570 [132] | 602 [150] | 0.21 |
| Girls | |||
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 17.8 [3.1] | 19.9 [3.6] | <0.0001 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 11.1 [9.4] | 15.6 [11.34] | <0.01 |
| Placenta weight (g) | 549 [122] | 609 [126] | <0.01 |