Fig 2. Effects of GW-A2 on LPS-mediated signaling pathways.
(A-C) RAW 264.7 macrophages were incubated for 30 min with or without 2 μM of GW-A2, followed by 0–60 min with or without 0.1 μg/ml of E. coli LPS. The phosphorylation levels of (A) ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38, (B) PKC-α and PKC-δ, and (C) I-κB-α were assayed by western blotting. (D) RAW-BlueTM cells were incubated for 30 min with or without GW-A2, followed by 24 h with or without 0.1 μg/ml of E. coli LPS. The activation levels of NF-κB were measured by an NF-κB reporter assay. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. The western blotting results shown are a representative experiment of three independent experiments. * and ** indicate significant differences, representing p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively compared to LPS alone.